Unit 7&8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unit 7 - Essay Example ingers and magicked things into existence makes the beauty and wonder of the Earth and the rest of our universe little more than a cheap conjuring trick† (Barnett, 2001, par. 14). He concluded that those who believe in the omnipotent power of a religious being as the creator of all things belittle the intelligence of the rest of mankind through the sheer disregard for the natural evolution of life. An atheist proclaims their total disbelief in any of the thousands of deities that millions of other people sincerely believe in. Atheism is total freedom from religious affiliations, values and beliefs. In this regard, atheists, like believers in other religions, respect the rights of others. Each person is entitled to his or her own beliefs. There is always a line between being a religious devotee and that of being a fanatic. The important thing to consider is respecting each other’s personal and religious orientations and beliefs. The evolution of domestic terrorism in the United States could be traced since the Civil War through the Vietnam War until contemporary times. A comprehensive report was written by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, one of the primary institutions in the country which is actively involved in studying terrorist activities. Their report entitled â€Å"Terrorism in the United States† was written to review and assess domestic terrorism in the United States within a thirty year period starting 1980s until 1999. The period under study revealed a drastic decrease in the frequency of domestic terrorist attacks as compared to levels recorded in the 1970s and 1980s. â€Å"Approximately 641 terrorist incidents occurred in the United States between 1971 and June 1975. Among these attacks were 166 bombings, 120 fire bombings, and 118 shootings.† (Terrorism in the United States, 1999, 29). From 1980 to 1999, of total terrorist attacks of 457, there were 321 bombings, 21 assassinations and 16 arson – with domestic terrorist attacks numbering 322

Existential therapy Essay Example for Free

Existential therapy Essay ?â€Å"Your life is the sum result of all the choices you make, both consciously and unconsciously. If you can control the process of choosing, you can take control of all aspects of your life. You can find the freedom that comes from being in charge of yourself (Robert Bennet)† This quote captures the very essence of Existential Therapy. This theoretical orientation deviates from all the other theoretical orientation, due to it overarching theme which focuses on a â€Å"way of thinking† than methods and strategies (citation needed). I believe in living life to the fullest and taking responsibility for my actions and choices. As we all know death is the only experience in life that does not render a choice, which makes it inevitable. For this reason, I make it a point to live life to the fullest at all times. Existential therapy is awesome for realist or people who believe in being responsible for their own destiny. It has three contributing parties; Viktor Frankl, Rollo May and Irvin Yalom. There are also six propositions and many key concepts that will be thoroughly examined and explained throughout this paper. Viktor Frankl was born in Vienna in 1905. He was a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp from 1942-1945. Frankl started developing Existential therapy long before he was imprisoned, but the experience as a prisoner confirmed his beliefs in Existentialism. Experientially he knew that everything can be taken away from a human except â€Å"the freedom to choose one’s attitude in any given set of circumstances. † Frankl is internationally known as the founder of the third school of Vietnamese psychoanalysis whish existentialism (citation needed). Rollo May was born in 1909 in the United States. His interest in psychology was sparked by his unhappy upbringing as a child. May also struggled with his own existential concerns due to two failed marriages (citation needed). He was noted as the American spokesperson for European existential therapy as it relates to psychotherapy (citation needed). He believed the psychotherapy should help people find meaning and deal with the problem of being rather than solving (citation needed). Irvin Yalom was also a contributor to Existential therapy. He was born in 1931 in Russia but soon migrated to Washington D. C. He brought four major themes to Existential therapy; freedom and responsibility, existential isolation, meaninglessness and death (citation needed). Yalom is a strong believer in the â€Å"here and now. † He also encourages other therapist practicing out of any theoretical orientation to examine the existential issues because they will emerge in any course of therapy. Existential therapy is a philosophical approach to being. It examines the freedoms that humans possess. It encourages making decision and not wasting the limited amount of time we have here on earth. It stresses mortality, freedom, responsibility, anxiety and aloneness (citation needed). This therapy is reflective as a thought process or attitude towards the issues we face in life. It also looks at how we innately influence our own circumstances and accept defeat and surrender control to the things happening in our lives. One of the aims of existential therapy is to challenge people to people to stop deceiving themselves regarding their lack of responsibility for what.

Leadership Success Model Implemented By Procter And Gamble Commerce Essay

Leadership Success Model Implemented By Procter And Gamble Commerce Essay Businesses require strong leadership as an unconditional factor for any kind of long-term success. The concept of leadership is exploited by many authors and there are hundreds of attempted definitions, however because of the complexity of the human actions per se, there is no clear, exact and universal one. Since the difference between high-ranking, multi-national companies and those striving to achieve such a status, lies predominantly in the skillful potential shown by their leading proponents, it is crucial to study some successful leadership models. A concrete example of such models is Procter and Gamble Company. Thus the highlights of effective leadership model are applied to this company, where the foundations and underlying structure of such a model are shown in a fashion where simplicity is idealized above all else. Definition of leadership Leader can be anyone who has an empowering vision, ability to motivate and deliver effective results. A little kid who suggests playing a new game which is more cheerful and involves all of the other children is a leader in his playground environment. That little kid encompasses some leadership characteristics which differentiate him from the rest of the group. He is able to propose something different which sounds interesting and promising and which is relevant to that particular group that follows him. A simple analogy can be drawn between that little kid and a grown up in his working environment. The characteristics that one possesses and the input he/she gives to a company determine his/her place in that working environment. For instance an employee, who finds an alternatively less costly way of producing a particular line of products and leads change in the company, distinguishes his/herself as a leader. The fast pace business world we live today does not allow for incremental c hanges, what you need is fundamental improvements. The person who can lead innovation and produces meaningful results should be at the top of the companys hierarchy. Leadership is a key to companys long-term profitability. But, what do we mean by leadership? An attempted definition of leadership is as follows: Leadership is both a process and a property. The process of leadership is the use of noncoercive influence to direct and coordinate the activities of the members of an organized group toward the accomplishment of group objectives. As a property, leadership is the set of qualities or characteristics attributed to those who are perceived to successfully employ such influence. (Jago 315) Basically what this definition implies is that leadership does not constitute only what one possesses but even what one does. The little kid that was mentioned above is not an appointed leader, but by his actions he establishes himself as such. At this point it is important to mention that leadership would not exist if there wasnt a followership. In order for a leader to succeed he needs to be listened to and followed by others. According to professor Stone followership constitutes 50% of the leaders success. If the little kid would scream and threaten to take the playing ball from the group he would not be exhibiting leadership, and most probably the other kids would not even pay attention to him. However, from that group of kids no one is a designated leader, and since leadership is an evolving process anyone who possesses some basic traits can become one. This represents the basis of the link between followers and leaders, leaders become followers and followers become leaders. At the same time leadership is not a restricted process, there might coexist multiple leaders in groups who are specialist to the function they serve. Contingency and continuity leadership What constitutes a successful leadership does not depend on the type of organization or any model that the leader operates. Leadership is a universal phenomenon as mentioned from Jago; It is the same for a corporation president and for the clergyman. (316). It is universal in the meaning that the two of them have to exhibit some essential leadership traits in order to be effective. On the other hand if we consider the leadership contingency dimension different people can express different patterns of leadership depending on the circumstances. Some leaders can be very effective and others can fail depending on the features of the situation and of the group of people they are leading. The earliest contingency theory pertains to Fiedler who asserts that the contingency of group performance related to the leader is based on the following three variables: group atmosphere, task structure, and leaders power position.citation Thus there are two important factors namely leadership style and situational favorableness. For a leader to be effective there should be an interaction between the leader himself and the features of the place where the leader operates.( Jago 316) Meanwhile, it is important to assess the fact that a good leadership model is the one which continuous even after the leader leaves. The continuity aspect of leadership is crucial therefore in determining an effective leadership. For instance if the manager of a company leaves and as a consequence the company fails introducing an assumed new product line, that would be a reflection of fake effective leadership. On the other hand if the company succeeds in introducing the new product line and achieves great revenues that shows that the formal leader was indeed an effective one. Leadership success model Procter and Gamble (PG) is a U.S based company employing 135,000 people in 180 countries including U.S, Europe and Asia.citation It is the worlds largest consumer goods company marketing about 300 brands, with a range of products such as beauty, health, fabric, home, baby, family and personal care. Based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis (SWOT analysis) its strengths are: strong focus on research and development (RD), leading market position, diversified product portfolio and strong brand portfolio. As far as the focus on RD is concerned PG invests around $2 billion per year supporting engineers and scientists in different countries. Furthermore, based on its current approach connect and develop PG brings innovation from outside by partnership with external actors. The markets where PG establish itself as a leader constitute about two-thirds of its product categories. Along with that the company has diversified product portfolio of more than 22 product categories in the following segments: beauty, grooming, health care, snacks, fabric care and baby care. An important factor of the portfolio of this company is the range of brands it includes. PG portfolio includes 24 brands which are a crucial source of revenue. This strong portfolio allows the company to be at the top companies in the world by delivering what the consumers expect. Eventually, PG has established itself as one of the most successful companies in the world. The question raises, how does it manage to do so? How does the leadership model contribute to the success of this company? The business world we live today has set up its own rules of competition, change and innovation being the keys to survival and being competitive. The key to effective implementation of these rules is a strong leadership. It is up to the visionary leader to support the business infrastructure to quickly respond to business needs and enable the company to rapidly access information. The leadership model incorporated in an organization is the first and most important brick of success. PG for instance used a leadership program called build from within.citation This program prepares managers in any aspect of their operations ensuring thus that they are ready to climb the next stair. This tactic provides for rapid replacement of any of the top 50 jobs positions. PG recruits school graduates, named in the company as Proctoid, and offers them the opportunity to grow up within the organizations hierarchy.citation Through development of the Proctoids potentials according to their career goals and the needs of the company itself the leadership program ensures the fulfillment of any free working position. Continuous training of the employees who enter the new level is crucial. According to Moheet Nagrath, head of human resources at PG if your direct reports arent ready, neither are you [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Internal reputation is crucial. citation For instance if an assistant aspires to become a Chief Operating Officer(CEO) he will be provided with all the necessary experience to do so. At the beginning he might be appointed at a lower level where he will be continuously trained until he gets assigned to the desired job. All executives, including the former CEO himself, oversee and train the top employees to occupy the next free spot. In this way, helping employees grow and improve contributes to the companys success as well. The culture of PG provides for high concentration on the people working for the company which assures the discovery of potential talents. It is important to emphasize that leadership traits are not only genetically inherited but are developed through continues and proper training as well. If individuals find the appropriate place and tools to develop themselves, they might turn into future leaders and head towards success. Therefore the PG leadership program is determined in encouraging talent from the inside and even the hiring process rarely occurs from the outside. There are disadvantages related to this kind of approach such as the building of a culture where all employees think alike. However, the most important thing is to realize the disadvantages and find an alternative way of outweighing them. That is a challenge for the leader, the need to undertake changes under pressure of losing the market. Build from within was the leadership program incorporated by PG in the early 2000, but was there a need of change in times of crisis? Who was responsible for designating the appropriate leadership model which would benefit the company billions of dollars and the employees as well? Even though, anyone in an organization has to be the leader in his/her specialization, at the top of the company pyramid stands its CEO. The PG CEO from 2000 to 2010 has been A.G.Lafley, who took the helm in midst of a crisis. At that time the company was totally distracted from meeting its projected goals. The price of the stocks had dropped dramatically and the company had lost $ 85 billion approximately. Citation PG found itself in a crisis, the biggest being a crisis of confidence. Pessimism was characterizing everyone in the companys hierarchy and notions of blame would be interchanged from the units to the leaders and the way around. That is when a true and strong leader can show his/her abilities of leadership. The famous quote of Faye Wattleton The only safe ship in a storm is leadership applies to the case of PG. Faced with such enormous problems up to the point of questioning the continuity of PG as a company Lafley had to prove himself as the leader and drive the company o ut of that ocean of troubles that it was trying to swim. Lafley based his leadership on the statement of Drucker, one of the Americas most famous CEO scholars, who said The CEO is the link between the Inside that is the organization, and the Outside of society, economy, technology, markets, and customers. Inside there are only costs. Results are only on the outside. Citation 3 This expression illuminated the mind of Lafley who could understand his role as CEO between these lines. By finding opportunities from the outside the CEO could enable the success of the company. In order to achieve the projected goals the company has to understand the needs of the outside. For instance, to achieve 4% sales growth the company had to produce a new tide brand.citation 3 Lafley perfectly understood that consumers should be in the center and that is what the company should create, a customer. At this point in time Lafley realized that the insiders of the company new how the organization worked but the input of outsiders were very crucial as well. What Lafley did is identifying the problem and solving it by adding to the model of build from within the connect and develop tactic. This way PG got the ideas from outside and applied its own potentials to them resulting in cheaper and superior products. Lafley is a pure example of showing what a leader should do. In the article written by him what only the CEO can do Lafley takes you to the insight of the job of a CEO. He emphasizes that the leader of the company is the only one who can connect the outside world with the inside of the company. That is the key of a successful leader. In order to connect the outside world to the inside one, there should be taken into consideration four important tasks. The first one is to determine what constitutes the outside, which for PG the most important one is the consumer. According to Lafley the second important task is to determine the business you are in. For instance in his early work as CEO of PG Lafley decided that the core businesses were low-income consumers and developing markets. The next important task is to balance the present and the future. For instance in order to fund long-term debts, PG chose to lower its short-term profits. The fourth task but not the least important is to show the companys values and standards such as trust in PG brands. citation Along with the other important goals stands the development of environmental leadership. PG manages to develop products on economically and ecologically sustainable basis. citation It employs some of the best practices of environmental leadership which deliver green values. The mission statement of PG provides for environmental friendly products which assure superior quality and values for the consumers all around the world. This is a strategic value statement which brings the company more profits as consumers are becoming more aware of the ecological problems and tend to choose products which harm less the environment. Thus, the compliance to environmental friendly products brings competitive advantages to the company itself. The road towards environmental leadership is hard and costly in the short term because there is a need to manage the cultural change of the company and educating the consumers as well. However, due to an effective leadership model undertaking strategic choices PG could outweigh the short-term costs by long-term benefits. The meaningful results of an effective leader Throughout the paper it was emphasized the importance of leadership as a key to companies successes. A.G.Lafley is one of the best concretizations of a great leader. Under his leadership PG market value increased by over 100 billion dollars, sales doubled, profits quadrupled and the companys portfolio brands has grown from 10 to 22. citation mla On average sales and earnings per share have grown by approximately 5% and 12 % a year, respectively. PG stands among the five most valuable companies in the U.S and is also one of the ten most important companies in the world. Lafley was the one who led the transformation of PG, which before he took the helm, did not perform that good on the world and American scale. Due to his abilities as a leader, PG became more consumer-driven and focused more on the external world. He focused mostly on core businesses and brands and tried to conquest firstly the developing market as a strategy to grow further. Lafley has led the transformation of PG. Strategically; he has focused the Company on core businesses and brands, faster-growing and higher-margin beauty, grooming and health care businesses, and winning in developing markets.citation According to A.G. Lafley the first lever to be pulled was getting the company refocused on its purpose and values. Next, he changed the culture to tap outside sources of innovation, developed the chain performance and entered different markets such as China. The Indian market penetration and building of strong supply is an important example as well showing the strategy of PG to enter the market and be innovative. A critical important move to success was bringing partners in to help build the supply chain. Another merit of Lafley and the incorporated leadership program build from within PG has guaranteed its leadership for the next decade as well. At the company level all the managers, including Lafley himself, have been working on creating the next leader, Bob McDonald as the best suitable choice. Lafley, as he leaves the company is very confident in the leadership skills of McDonald and the team that he has put in place. Continuity is one of the most important indicators of a successful leadership; PG seems to have embraced a strong leadership model which will sustain the company for at least the next decade.citation Leadership is an important key factor in guaranteeing long-term profitability for businesses and PG is one the best concretizing example of effective leadership. The attempted definition of leadership mentioned at the beginning of the paper implied that leadership is action and position at the same time. Two important factors determining successful leadership were contingency and continuity leadership. The former shows that leaders can be successful depending on the environment they operate in and the contingent of elements influencing that specific environment. The latter factor is an evidence of effective leadership, because at the moment that there is continuity it is implied that the leader and his model were successful. The definition and the factors of successful leadership were highlighted in the PG Company. It was emphasized that the person who leads the company, for instance the CEO, has a crucial role which only he could do; connect the inner world of the company with the o utside one. A thorough analysis of PG from 2000 to 2010 showed the importance of the leadership program in increasing the profitability of the company and how a leader can face challenges and approach change. The leader stands at the top of the pyramid and he/she is the only one leading transformation. There is no guaranteed model of successful leadership but there always is the chance to channel your energies towards achieving meaningful results.

My Style? :: Writing Eglish Education Papers

My Style? Students crammed the Superlab on Friday trying to finish the assignment for English Class. The assignment was to write a paper about styles of writing and how the students fit into them. The students must finish the paper and send it by E-mail to the professor by Saturday morning. Short and to the point. That's how I'm supposed to write for my news reporting class. Use short sentences and action verbs. Start with the most important facts, answer any questions raised by the lead, then fill in the details. I've been told that it is very difficult to major in both English and mass communication because they have two very different approaches to writing. So what's the big deal? Well, it's not easy switching back and forth between the styles these classes require, especially since one class immediately follows the other. This is just one problem I've run into concerning style, switching between the two that are expected of me in both classes. Another problem is that there is a specific set of rules to follow when writing for the media. I feel as if I'm writing using someone else's style. I don't normally talk or write using short, to the point sentences, and I definitely don't use the inverted pyramid style. So when I write news stories, can I say that is my own style since how I write is almost dictated? Or is it someone else's that I'm just borrowing? But if that's the case, is there such a thing as my own style? Is everything I say or write dictated by a set of rules, like news writing? Or can I manipulate someone else's stylistic rules to make my own? Is there any way to change things so that I can write how I want to? We discussed in class how decorum dictates how we are supposed to talk or write. I can personally attest to that. When I worked at my dad's welding shop this summer, I noticed that because I was a secretary, I was expected to talk to customers differently than my dad or any of the other workers. I was supposed to sound professional and courteous. "Good afternoon, CAP Enterprise," was the proper way to answer the phone. But when my dad got on the phone, he would talk to the customer or salesperson almost like he talks to his buddies.

American medical care Essay

These early immigrants survived the harsh times and difficult American climate as well as the wilderness on primitive basic instincts. The early settlements were often ravaged by starvation and disease. During the colonial era, doctors’ education was informal. Most were literate, but some who were raised outside of New England were not. A man who wanted to practice medicine did not need any type of certification. Most did have a period of apprenticeship with an established physician, but even this was not a requirement. Up until the late 19th century, very few doctors had a college education. Medical facilities were unofficial. Most patients were treated in their homes. However, even the smallest towns had poorhouses, where needy people could live and receive limited medical care. The few hospitals that opened in North America during the colonial period were opened in places like Quebec and New Orleans. Public health was unknown in North America at this time. Towns and cities did not have boards of health except during times of epidemics. Because most places did not have public water or sewer systems, most Americans got their water from pumps and used outhouses until well into the 19th century. There was no trash collection so the streets became a breeding ground for all types of disease. There were a few attempts to influence public health. For example, when smallpox vaccinations were developed in the 18th century, many small town doctors had groups of people that had to stay quarantined for a few days to make sure they only developed a mild case of smallpox. Cures may have killed more people than the diseases themselves. The public developed a very skeptical attitude towards regular doctors. In the early 19th century, the do it yourself attitude of many Americans was popular. These people freely gave medical advice, emphasized the participant of the patient in his or her own treatment. However, other â€Å"medical treatments† were available also. Probably snake oil is best remembered. Andrew Taylor Still started the practice of osteopathy. Osteopathy incorporated bodily manipulations, similar to those seen in modern chiropractics. In osteopathy, these manipulations affected the magnetic flow of energy in the body. Osteopathy discouraged use of medicines, but did not forbid them. Another reaction against heroic medicine was homeopathy. A university-trained German doctor named Samuel Hahnemann started it. Heinemann said that doctors were giving their patients too much medicine. He believed that tiny amounts of drugs should be diluted in water before being given to a patient and that practitioners should take very thorough medical histories of each patient. Quackery was a way to fool people into believing they were being cured while making money from them. Quackery had even been licensed in London, but it was completely ignored by the America government for hundreds of years. Hydropathy was another special case. The healing power of water, hydropathy indicated the value of the rest cure, importance of having like-minded people around, the usefulness of light exercise and the fact that women who wore loose-fitting clothing generally felt better and had fewer physical complaints than the ones who did. Another special case is the entire issue of faith-only healing. While empirical evidence in favor of faith-only healing is lacking, anecdotal evidence suggests that some people who pray do experience spontaneous decrease of certain diseases. The late 19th century saw major changes in medicine in the United States. Medicine went from being medieval to incorporating many elements of modern science. The advances in chemistry, and biology had major impacts on medicine. As medical practitioners began to understand that the body was comprised of basic chemicals and not mysterious humors, effective treatments for diseases and injuries were developed. As medicine became more scientific, doctors needed both training and  licensing. In 1847, Dr. Nathan Davis founded the American Medical Association (AMA) in Philadelphia to help create professional standards for doctors and set minimal educational requirements. Medical colleges opened up across the country, increasing requirements from a few months without any college background to a number of years with a college degree. However, these colleges provided an extremely unpredictable level of medical education, with some of them a diploma and others provided a to notch medical education. As American cities exploded in size during the 19th century due to immigration from Europe, public health became more of an issue. With many hundreds of thousands of people living in cities: extremely crowded, unsanitary conditions; tuberculosis was often at epidemic levels in the cities. During the 19th century, people understood that TB was not caused by miasma, but was caused by bacteria. People with TB were sometimes sent out of the city to places in the country, where the cleaner air seemed to help their recovery. It was obvious that people needed clean water for drinking, and bathing. So cities started massive sewer projects to help bring clean water into the cities while removing wastewater from the city. Dead animal remains and garbage littered the street until the late 1800s when cities started sanitation crews to take the trash out of town and dumps to move the waste to. Many cities started dispensaries so the poor could receive treatment and medications for low cost. With the urban population explosion, the â€Å"poorhouses† (probably today’s HMO ‘Urgent Care’) became even larger and harder to manage. With new medical advances, people needed to be in big cities to receive certain types of treatment. Americans began to build hospitals across the country in the 19th century.  The new hospitals were generally cleaner than the old poorhouses.

Free King’s High Justice Informative Essay

Free King’s High Justice Informative Essay King’s High Justice Frollo, the Kings High Justice asserts that he is willing to defend France from heresy that can be spread by potential integration of Gypsy and other foreigners into Paris. The civility of the High Justice is in question in regard to prejudice against various groups of people; thus, the High Justice represents the force of oppression whereby Frollo intimidates people by asserting to reach a judgment to hang any critic of the old order. The High Justice is pleased to thwart physical processes of cooperation by creating divisions aimed at protecting Paris while discriminating against foreigners. Racial and ethnic hatred is used to justify oppression because of ignorance, limited capability to activate collective consciousness. Frollo the High Justice represents the unfair justice within Paris in regard to giving people to the freedom of though. Frollo is determined to preserving the old system by using discriminative measures whereby he is willing to hang anyone who disobeys order; he means elimination or xenophobia based on perceived prejudice. Frollo demonstrates more authorized habit when he protests before the King identifying that if he allowed freedom of Gypsies to develop, Paris civilization would weaken because foreigners lacked probable cultural values to survive in the city. Therefore, Frollo manipulates the administration of the High Justice agency to attack and destroy specific perceived foreigners; I for my part will protect France from these printed books as I will protect her from witches, sorcerers and Gypsies, the foreign race that is overrunning all of Europe( The hunchback of Notre dame 1). Ethnic and racial discrimination themes play turns in the movie when the Guard is lashing a carava n member believed to be Gypsies and foreigners. The High Justices mandate is expressed through the hand and mind of the Guard who forces Gypsies and other foreigners to understand the new law requiring foreigners to obtain a permit. Only Frenchmen are allowed to enter into Paris while the supporters of foreigners must undergo a rigorous permit issuance exercise. The Guard complains about the presence of foreigners in Paris; however, the Gypsy Man who stereotypes the new hope insists that the Frenchmen had no right to restrict the arriving foreigners Foreigners! You came yesterday, we come today (The hunchback of Notre dame 1). The Gypsy Man finds the High Justices rationale for cruelty quite amusing that he shrugs off the Guards attempt to halt the caravan. Localized discrimination is symbolized by the hunchback; when a girl runs into the hunchback, she runs crying directly into the grandmother who immediately informs her to go home and lit a candle to eliminate the intent of meeting the social superstitious person. Fear of superstitious created taboos and practices that created more fear among the people disarming the adventurous human spirit. For instance if the hunchback crosses the path of anyone in Paris by accident, there was a possibility of suffering from emotional setbacks due to the anxiety created by the social stereotypical hatred against the hunchback. The hunchback is defined as a strong, bow-legged yet horrible like the Cyclops (Eliot 57). The King is tolerant and aware of the social transformation process that lauds the success of the free thought and reprimands Frollo, the High Justice for his biased opinion about new freedom of thought. The King admits that the world is round after citing Christopher Columbuss experience in the sea, while those opposing the King like the 1st Courtier remain dogmatically influenced by the old control knowledge that conform to the idea that the world is flat. Oppression is based on limiting capacity and understanding that ultimately creates unrest and violence out of confusion. Antagonism between religion and science believes are tested when interpreting the right shape of the world whereby the flat theory is compared to the science stance that the earth is spherical. The evidence is reflected on questioning the progress of the new thought whereby every man in France would become literate and even. When Frollo rejects to cover for Esmeralda just because she is of foreign race, the Kin g scolds Frollo. Ironically, when the King asks Frollo if the gypsy woman made his pulse beat faster; the warning foreshadowed Frollos action of forcing Esmeralda to love him and when Esmeralda refused Frollo labeled her a witch. Quasimodo who first fell in love with the Esmeralda throws Frollo down the cathedral out of jealousy and in order to save Esmeralda from the gallows. Esmeralda represents the downtrodden foreigners in Paris Though they sometimes have a feeling, wrong choices in life because of ignorance determines the foreigners fate. For instance, Esmeralda believed to be safe with the soldier who takes orders from another authority (Eliot 43). Therefore, the execution of Esmeralda coincides with the elimination of the old thought influenced by ignorance about individual situations particularly concerning perceptions of beauty and frightful. The Archbishop is equally receptive in understanding the true social justice though quite dogmatic about the effects of oppression. At the Sanctuary, the Archbishop informs Esmeralda that her condition as a Gypsy should not disappoint her from achieving her objectives since everything is willed by the generosity of one giver. On the contrary, Frollo confronts Esmeralda as the Cathedral when praying making fun of her as a heathen not fit to pray in the cathedral (Eliot 14). Frollos discriminative approach is based on the notion that the famed dancer was shameless for awakening everymans sinful desires to look at the Gypsy Esmeralda. Gringoire helps Esmeralda escape from Frollos and Quasimodos firm grip. The poet is struggling for recognition and when he finds himself in the court of miracles he is condemned to death by hanging. Oppression is presented again when Gringoire marries Esmeralda only to be disappointed since she is in love with Phoebus. However, Phoebus is stabbed by Frollo who implicates Esmeralda. Frollo is determined to hang Esmeralda for refusing to accept him, but Quasimodo jumps from roof snatching Esmeralda to the cathedral where she is protected while Quasimodo hurled Frollo down from bell tower.

Free Essays on Rembrandt Vs. Velazquez

Rembrandt and Velazquez Rembrandt and Velazquez were two influential artists in the 1600’s. They both had unique styles of artwork. They equally expressed their love for artwork over the years. Rembrandt was well known for his self-portraits, which he produced and his love for religious works. Velazquez also had a love for religious works and was well known for his portraits of royalty. The similarities and differences of the two famous artists are extraordinary. Rembrandt and Velazquez both painted distinctively. Their styles were exact, precise and unmistakable. Rembrandt was known for sketching his drawings with all his impressions. He predominately used red he also used brush and washes. His etchings were made to be extremely realistic for romantic pictures he used primarily oils. Red and yellow colors were used in military scenes. The landscapes were real and romantic. He used almost always etchings and drawings for landscapes. As he matured his techniques were modified using bold strokes, passages of broken color, and heavy impasto applied with a palette knife. Rembrandt combined pen strokes with brushwork. The early portraits showed impression of activity rather than thought. But as Rembrandt matured he realized that it was more important to focus on the inner state of his subjects rather the external details. As he matured his techniques were modified using bold strokes, passages of broken color, and heavy impasto applied wi th a palette knife. He also began to scumble areas of his works with his fingers to give them a softer more flowing look. Rembrandt used vivid colors in the beginning of his career, but in the late 1620’s he began using more delicate colors. He used cool colors such as lights blues, yellows, light greens, and olive. He generally used gray backgrounds to accent the colors he was using. The colors he picked to use were utilized to show light and shado... Free Essays on Rembrandt Vs. Velazquez Free Essays on Rembrandt Vs. Velazquez Rembrandt and Velazquez Rembrandt and Velazquez were two influential artists in the 1600’s. They both had unique styles of artwork. They equally expressed their love for artwork over the years. Rembrandt was well known for his self-portraits, which he produced and his love for religious works. Velazquez also had a love for religious works and was well known for his portraits of royalty. The similarities and differences of the two famous artists are extraordinary. Rembrandt and Velazquez both painted distinctively. Their styles were exact, precise and unmistakable. Rembrandt was known for sketching his drawings with all his impressions. He predominately used red he also used brush and washes. His etchings were made to be extremely realistic for romantic pictures he used primarily oils. Red and yellow colors were used in military scenes. The landscapes were real and romantic. He used almost always etchings and drawings for landscapes. As he matured his techniques were modified using bold strokes, passages of broken color, and heavy impasto applied with a palette knife. Rembrandt combined pen strokes with brushwork. The early portraits showed impression of activity rather than thought. But as Rembrandt matured he realized that it was more important to focus on the inner state of his subjects rather the external details. As he matured his techniques were modified using bold strokes, passages of broken color, and heavy impasto applied wi th a palette knife. He also began to scumble areas of his works with his fingers to give them a softer more flowing look. Rembrandt used vivid colors in the beginning of his career, but in the late 1620’s he began using more delicate colors. He used cool colors such as lights blues, yellows, light greens, and olive. He generally used gray backgrounds to accent the colors he was using. The colors he picked to use were utilized to show light and shado...

Biography of Norman Rockwell, American Painter

Biography of Norman Rockwell, American Painter Norman Rockwell was an American painter and illustrator best-known for his  Saturday Evening Post  covers. His paintings depict real American life, filled with humor, emotion, and memorable faces. Rockwell shaped the face of illustration in the mid-20th century and with his prolific body of work, its no wonder hes called Americas Artist. Dates:  February 3, 1894–November 8, 1978 Rockwells Family Life Norman Perceval Rockwell was born in New York City in 1894. His family moved to New Rochelle, New York in 1915. By that time, at age  21, he already had a foundation for his art career. He married Irene OConnor in 1916, though they would divorce in 1930. That same year, Rockwell married a school teacher named Mary Barstow. They had three sons together, Jarvis, Thomas, and Peter and in 1939, they moved to Arlington, Vermont. It was here that he got a taste for the iconic scenes of small-town life that would make up much of his signature style. In 1953, the family moved a final time to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Mary passed away in 1959. Two years later, Rockwell would marry for the third time. Molly Punderson was a retired teacher and the couple remained together in Stockbridge until Rockwells  death in 1978. Rockwell, The Young Artist An admirer of Rembrandt, Norman Rockwell had a dream of being an artist. He enrolled in  several art schools, starting with The New York School of Art  at 14 before moving on to The National Academy of Design when he was just 16. It wasnt long before he moved on to The Arts Students League.   It was during his studies with Thomas Fogarty (1873–1938) and George Bridgman (1865–1943) that the young artists path became defined. According to the Norman Rockwell Museum, Fogarty showed Rockwell the ways of being a successful illustrator and Bridgman helped him out with his technical skills. Both of these would become important elements in Rockwells work. It did not take long for Rockwell to start working commercially. In fact, he was published many times while still a teenager. His first job was designing a set of four Christmas cards and in September 1913, his work first appeared on the cover of  Boys Life.  He continued working for the magazine through 1971, creating a total of 52 illustrations. Rockwell Becomes a Well-Known Illustrator At the age of 22, Norman Rockwell painted his first  Saturday Evening Post  cover. The piece, titled Boy with Baby Carriage appeared in the May 20, 1916, issue of the popular magazine. Right from the start, Rockwells illustrations carried that signature wit and whimsy that would make up his entire body of work.   Rockwell enjoyed 47 years of success with the Post. Over that time he provided 323 covers to the magazine and was instrumental in what many called The Golden Age of Illustration. One could say that Rockwell is easily the best-known American illustrator and most of this is due to his relationship with the magazine. His depictions of everyday people in humorous, thoughtful, and sometimes wrenching scenarios defined a generation of American life. He was a master at capturing emotions and in observing life as it unfolded. Few artists have been able to capture the human spirit quite like Rockwell. In 1963, Rockwell ended his relationship with the  Saturday Evening Post  and started a ten-year stint with  LOOK  magazine. In this work, the artist began to take on more serious social issues. Poverty and civil rights were at the top of Rockwells list, though he did dabble in Americas space program as well. Important Works by Norman Rockwell Norman Rockwell was a commercial artist and the amount of work he produced reflects that. As one of the most prolific artists in the 20th century, he has many memorable pieces and everyone has a favorite. A few in his collection do stand out, though. In 1943, Rockwell painted a series of four paintings after hearing President Franklin D. Roosevelts State of the Union address. The Four Freedoms addressed the four freedoms Roosevelt spoke of in the midst of World War II and the paintings were appropriately titled Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Want,  and Freedom from Fear. Each appeared in the  Saturday Evening Post,  accompanied by essays from American writers. That same year, Rockwell painted his version of the famous Rosie the Riveter. It was another piece that would fuel patriotism during the war. In contrast, another well-known painting, Girl at the Mirror in 1954 shows the softer side of being a girl. In it, a young girl compares herself to a magazine, throwing aside her favorite doll as she contemplates her future. Rockwells 1960 work entitled Triple Self-Portrait gave America a look into the quirky humor of the artist. This one depicts the artist drawing himself while looking in the mirror with paintings by the masters (including Rembrandt) attached to the canvas.   On the serious side, Rockwells The Golden Rule (1961,  Saturday Evening Post) and The Problem We All Live With (1964,  LOOK) are among the most memorable. The earlier piece spoke to international tolerance and peace and was inspired by the forming of the United Nations. It was gifted to the U.N. in 1985.   In The Problem We All Live With, Rockwell took civil rights on with all his painterly might. It is a poignant picture of little Ruby Bridges flanked by the headless bodies of U.S. marshals escorting her to her first day of school. That day marked the end of segregation in New Orleans in 1960, a monumental step for a six-year-old to take on. Study Norman Rockwells Work Norman Rockwell remains one of the most beloved painters in America. The Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts was established in 1973, when the artist gave most of his lifes work to the organization. His goal was to continue to inspire arts and education. The museum has since become home to over 14,000 works by 250 other illustrators as well. Rockwells work is often loaned out to other museums and frequently becomes part of traveling exhibitions. You can view Rockwells  Saturday Evening Post  work on the magazines website as well. There is no shortage of books that study the artists life and work in great detail. A few recommended titles include: Claridge, Laura. Norman Rockwell: A Life.  New York: Random House, 2001.Finch, Christopher. Norman Rockwell: 332 Magazine Covers.  New York: Artabras Publishers, 1995.Gherman, Beverly and Family Trust Rockwell. Norman Rockwell: Storyteller With A Brush.  New York: Atheneum, 2000 (1st ed.).Rockwell, Norman. Norman Rockwell: My Adventures As an Illustrator.  New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988 (Reissue edition).Rockwell, Tom. The Best of Norman Rockwell.  Philadelphia London: Courage Books, 2000.

Glass Cockpit Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Glass Cockpit Technology - Essay Example cial issue that guarantees the safety of a flight and aviation technology and that is the interface between the pilot of a modern aircraft and the glass cockpit display. The safety of every flight will depend on one hand from technological standpoint and on the other hand from the capability, awareness, knowledge and experience of the pilot. (Schmelzer, n.d). Pilots do study in order to learn the systems of an airplane. In every situation, pilots should always have to be alert of the situation, panels and displays, and the controls. The main issue that must be monitored to maintain safety and create awareness is the human-machine interaction. The combination of human cognitive capabilities and the machine is a great help to confront existing problems (Schmelzer, n.d). According to a series of studies on automation in glass cockpit, the lack of pilot â€Å"Situational Awareness† is a concern for those who work in the flight deck safety area. This occurrence has proven to have potential cause, from surprise action of the increasing autonomous automation, to confusion over the state of the automation (Schmelzer, n.d). According to the previous studies, lack of related information and misunderstanding of available data can lead to unwanted decisions and actions on the part of the pilot. Little information of environmental data and automation activity has been considered as factors of the major aviation incidents (ACRC 1996, BEA 1992). There are three steps an achieving situational awareness that Endsley suggest: (1) the way the automation state is assessed; (2) comprehension of the situation; (3) projecting the future condition of the system. They use these steps as their working model in order to identify different problems (Schmelzer, n.d). This paper tackles a new technology known as the glass cockpit and explains the human factors that influence its implementation. It describes the issues of the glass cockpit technology and the human factors related to the

SEPTIC SHOCK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

SEPTIC SHOCK - Essay Example The objective of these definitions was to give a more differentiated understanding of sepsis to enable precise management. As a result the concept of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) evolved with its diagnostic criteria put in place. Then sepsis was defined on the basis of SIRS, whereby sepsis was defined as â€Å"suspected or microbiologically proven infection together with SIRS†. Severe sepsis was then defined as â€Å"sepsis together with sepsis-induced organ dysfunction†. Finally septic shock was defined as â€Å"sepsis-induced hypotension persisting despite adequate fluid resuscitation† (Marik & Lipman, 2007). A very valid question arises as to the need for such differentiated definitions. There is justification for these differentiated definitions, which is provided from the study of recent data on the mortality rates associated with each of these differentiated definitions. Mortality from sepsis ranges ten to fifteen percent; severe sepsis ranges from seventeen to twenty percent and septic shock ranges from forty-three to fifty-four percent. Thus the hierarchical definitions get justified by this. (Marik & Lipman, 2007). Deeper examination of this data suggests that there is a wide difference in the mortality figures for severe sepsis and septic shock. This finding clearly indicates that it is most important to distinguish between severe sepsis and septic shock, so that they can be grouped into low and high mortality risk groups. It is in this aspect that the hierarchical definitions as created in 1991 are found to be deficient. The diagnostic criteria for septic shock still remain unclear and vague. To remove this deficiency Marik and Lipman, 2007, suggest that septic shock be defined as â€Å" a systolic blood pressure less than 90mmHg (or a fall in systolic blood pressure of > 40mmHg), or a mean arterial pressure less than 65mmHg after a crystalloid fluid challenge of

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Research Paper - Essay Example The research supports conformity because it promotes this imitation of behavior of people who have better and more valid sources of information. Research ensures this conformity by bringing about informational social influence (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert). This type of influence motivates common public to put trust in the way more learned people interpret confusing or ambiguous situations. Conformity is supported when people believe that this other version of interpretation is more reliable than their individual versions. This sort of conformity helps people see the right way amidst much darkness and go for the right course of action. Researchers are known for passing on more efficient and innovative behaviors to the rest of the world by using the tool of informational social influence. This suggests that particular groups in society have the power to design behavioral conventions on basis of evidence-based knowledge which are not yet witnessed in other groups. These particular group s then pass on their conventions to other groups and make them conform to them. People who do not show interest in conforming to new ideals have to try harder to gain social acceptance than people who demonstrate the tendency to conform (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert). This means that research or experimentally induced innovations lead to change things via conformity in people. People conform to be socially accepted. Comparing Turkey and America side by side in context of conformity reveals that on a general basis, people in Turkey show more willingness to engage in conforming behavior than Americans. They think less of themselves as individual beings and strive to align themselves with others or social norms. There is not as much freedom to be seen in Turkey as in America because less people go for the option of living by personal philosophies. Rather, a majority of population considers it safe to conform. This is because of two factors.

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Journal - Essay Example Its own history has combined these factors to produce the present generation of poverty, nonexistent infrastructure and an inefficient state that cannot handle natural disasters in the most basic ways. From these points, I believe the Haitian people are falsely portrayed by the media as the world’s most resilient. They are poor, but we are told they do not complain. They are directly in the path of the region’s earthquakes and hurricanes, but we are told they survive. The truth is that the people of Haiti are suffering from the lack of vision, policy and strategy by its political leaders. Under the 18th century French rule, Haiti was among the French empire’s richest islands, exporting over 60 and 40 percent of the coffee and sugar, respectively, which Europe consumed. It does not matter that the close to one million African slaves that worked to produce the wealth did not have a share in it, but it remains that the wealth was there. I see the downfall of Haiti starting from the revolution that earned it independence. They were free, but the leaders destroyed its plantations and infrastructure. Their former French colonists contributed to the calamities of the new nation by demanding 150 million francs in order to grant them diplomatic recognition. That was already too costly for the country, even without considering half of it that was later demanded in 1830. The present-day Haitians are in difficult times, but I concur that they are only victims of historical circumstances. France has been wringing reparations for more than a century from the country until 1 947, forcing it to take loans from foreign banks at inflated interests. To finance the loans, 80 percent of Haiti’s national budget was being paid out to the foreign banks by 1900. From then, the modern breed of leaders started giving up on servicing the repatriations or solving the problems in Haiti, and instead shifted their focus to looting for personal

Research methods assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Methods assignment - Research Paper Example Mekonnen and Harris (2006) is an empirical investigation whether â€Å"cause-related† and â€Å"affinity marketing† enhances the product’s appeal and provides product differentiation (p. 135). In particular, the study investigated whether â€Å"linking a commercial organisation’s product with a non-profit organisation enhances the product’s appeal and provides differentiation from rival offers† (Mekonnen and Harris 2006, p. 135). Mekonnen and Harris (2006, p. 135) articulated that the purpose or aim of their study is to investigate the efficacy of the premise of â€Å"affinity marketing†. The research objectives were not explicitly stated but it can be surmised that, implicitly, the research objectives covered identification of values associated with the use of affinity cards and how they affect the likelihood of donation. 2.0. Literature Review Based on a review of literature, Mekonnen and Harris (2006, p. 136) claim that â€Å"there are significant gaps in understanding consumer attitudes† towards products being sold by â€Å"cause-related marketing† and â€Å"affinity marketing†. ... 136). Mekonnen and Harris (2006, p. 135) declared their work as a challenge to the assumption â€Å"that linking a product to a non-profit organisation enhances its appeal and provides a basis for differentiation.† For Mekonnen and Harris (2005, p. 135), â€Å"the efficacy of this premise depends on the type of cause or affinity group.† Unfortunately, however, the review of literature of Mekonnen and Harris (2006) does not amount to an illustration of the â€Å"significant gaps in understanding consumers’ attitude† in the literature. It is not clear from the review of literature what the various studies have made or the findings they have reached on the relationship between â€Å"cause-related market marketing† and â€Å"affinity marketing† on one hand and product sales on the other. Perhaps there was no empirical study done at all prior on cause-oriented and affinity marketing prior to their study but this is not clear from the review of lit erature. However, because of the failure to illustrate what empirical studies have done or to explicitly clarify at least that no study has been done, the review of literature fails to identify precisely or to justify precisely the significance of the Mekonnen and Harris (2006) endeavour in the overall literature on the subject. The review of literature narrated that cause-oriented marketing has been conventionally characterised as being focused on short-term campaign initiatives (Mekonnen and Harris 2006, p. 136). It also pointed out that the affinity marketing is a sub-set of cause-related marketing (Mekonnen and Harris 2006, p. 136). However, citing the work of Berger and others in 1999, Mekonnen and Harris (2006, p. 136) clarified that â€Å"affinity marketing can

Week 5 Q&A Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 Q&A - Assignment Example Not adhering to this procedure leaves the police subject to the whims of the suspect being interviewed. The police will lack mechanisms to detect lies and misinformation in the absence of shreds of evidence to fall back on. Even circumstantial evidence may help the police in this case. According to Orthmann and Hess (2012), Enterprise theory of investigation is applicable to investigations on white collar cases since it treats spates of crimes committed by an individual as not being a solitary random crime, but rather, as being related to other crimes, to further other criminal organizations. Because of this, enterprise theory helps take down other players in crime at once, as opposed to apprehending smalltime members who are serving powerful players and organizations in crime. As it relates to law, by the term, fruit of the poisonous tree, it is meant, evidence obtained illegally and such, is inadmissible in the court of law, as was seen in the case, Nardone v. United States. The difference between probable cause and reasonable suspicion is that the former refers to there being enough circumstantial evidence or evidence to warrant a search. In turn, reasonable suspicion is the notion that there is enough evidence or circumstantial evidence where reasonable assumptions or logical conclusions are made, to the effect that a crime has been committed (Orthmann and Hess, 2012). The potential pitfalls that can occur if the investigator does not adequately coordinate with the prosecutor before testifying are variable. Some of these pitfalls include: the misunderstanding of the implication of the evidence that has been adduced in the court of law; and the consideration of some (not all) (incriminating and exculpating) evidence. All these may lead to a travesty of

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Journal - Essay Example Its own history has combined these factors to produce the present generation of poverty, nonexistent infrastructure and an inefficient state that cannot handle natural disasters in the most basic ways. From these points, I believe the Haitian people are falsely portrayed by the media as the world’s most resilient. They are poor, but we are told they do not complain. They are directly in the path of the region’s earthquakes and hurricanes, but we are told they survive. The truth is that the people of Haiti are suffering from the lack of vision, policy and strategy by its political leaders. Under the 18th century French rule, Haiti was among the French empire’s richest islands, exporting over 60 and 40 percent of the coffee and sugar, respectively, which Europe consumed. It does not matter that the close to one million African slaves that worked to produce the wealth did not have a share in it, but it remains that the wealth was there. I see the downfall of Haiti starting from the revolution that earned it independence. They were free, but the leaders destroyed its plantations and infrastructure. Their former French colonists contributed to the calamities of the new nation by demanding 150 million francs in order to grant them diplomatic recognition. That was already too costly for the country, even without considering half of it that was later demanded in 1830. The present-day Haitians are in difficult times, but I concur that they are only victims of historical circumstances. France has been wringing reparations for more than a century from the country until 1 947, forcing it to take loans from foreign banks at inflated interests. To finance the loans, 80 percent of Haiti’s national budget was being paid out to the foreign banks by 1900. From then, the modern breed of leaders started giving up on servicing the repatriations or solving the problems in Haiti, and instead shifted their focus to looting for personal

Week 5 Q&A Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 Q&A - Assignment Example Not adhering to this procedure leaves the police subject to the whims of the suspect being interviewed. The police will lack mechanisms to detect lies and misinformation in the absence of shreds of evidence to fall back on. Even circumstantial evidence may help the police in this case. According to Orthmann and Hess (2012), Enterprise theory of investigation is applicable to investigations on white collar cases since it treats spates of crimes committed by an individual as not being a solitary random crime, but rather, as being related to other crimes, to further other criminal organizations. Because of this, enterprise theory helps take down other players in crime at once, as opposed to apprehending smalltime members who are serving powerful players and organizations in crime. As it relates to law, by the term, fruit of the poisonous tree, it is meant, evidence obtained illegally and such, is inadmissible in the court of law, as was seen in the case, Nardone v. United States. The difference between probable cause and reasonable suspicion is that the former refers to there being enough circumstantial evidence or evidence to warrant a search. In turn, reasonable suspicion is the notion that there is enough evidence or circumstantial evidence where reasonable assumptions or logical conclusions are made, to the effect that a crime has been committed (Orthmann and Hess, 2012). The potential pitfalls that can occur if the investigator does not adequately coordinate with the prosecutor before testifying are variable. Some of these pitfalls include: the misunderstanding of the implication of the evidence that has been adduced in the court of law; and the consideration of some (not all) (incriminating and exculpating) evidence. All these may lead to a travesty of

The training and development of employees in William Hill Essay Example for Free

The training and development of employees in William Hill Essay Training is essential for both employees and employer if they want to be effective within the organisation and also for a company like William Hill to stay competitive within their market. The reason why training is important to employees is to enable them to achieve their maximum potential in their current position, it is needed also to develop them to create further opportunities within the organisation because employees are likely to be better educated and become multi-skilled. Training should be ongoing within William Hill in developing the employees skills within the business. William Hill believes training is very essential for their company especially when it proves for employees to develop within the organisation and continuing to meet objective. The training and development of employees in William Hill is imperative for the performance or the company as they are in a competitive market. William Hill has to inform workers to be aware of surroundings in the area that they work. The main types of training which businesses are using are Induction, on and off the job training and induction because they are successful in degree of the work format in different organisations needs. Training firstly takes place with induction in William Hill plc to enable new employees settle in quickly and feel comfortable to stay within their organisation. Induction programmes are not usually about a specific job the employee will be doing, but the way in which the business works. Then they have off and on the job training, which takes place in different methods. Induction This is the training provided for new employees and in this program they will learn the following: * Where everything around the workplace is such as the essentials which are fire exits, toilets, staff canteen, basically they will get a guided tour of their place of work. * They will go through the employees hour of work, who their manager is, name tags, uniform and training which will be provided for them in the future. * Booklets will handed out concerning sickness procedures, perks, grievance procedures, health and safety regulations and William Hills mission statement. All new recruits are taken through induction program at William Hill which is designs to give employees a broad understanding of the business indifferent contexts because it is a way in which William Hill can communicate and develop a relationship with employees and ditto with customers. This also ensures customer care due to its importance it will enable William Hill to keep their customers loyal. A booklet named You and William Hill is an outline of what expected of each employee and information concerning your uniform which is either a black or navy blue trousers or skirt and a white shirt/top with a William scarf and name tag. Mentoring Mentoring involves the trainee being paired with more experienced employee. This is a good way to train employees as they are able to carry out the tasks that they would be performing if they were really doing the job. The mentor is there to assist the employee if they have any problems. William Hill can implement this type of training as a means for the employ that feel less confident within the workplace to gain a higher self esteem level. Having someone they feel comfortable with would make them work better and they can adapt interactive skills with that person, enabling them to use it on others. William Hill would be encouraging a more cohesive environment if this was one of their training methods. Coaching Coaching is a planned process requiring time and resources, and will be more effective if the coaching manager is trained in coaching techniques and committed to the approach. A coach may guide a trainee through procedures that they may carry out in the future. Sitting next to Nellie is a traditional type of on the job training. Nellie is the experienced worker there to guide you along your way. However this may cause complications for the company as the quality of the training depends on the ability of the trainer. William Hill could use this as they could teach employees about what goes on in the business. Its a lot easier for the employee to ask questions about things that they may feel they dont understand and have them answered there and then. Also being able to have areas demonstrated in a practical format would benefit the employee. Apprenticeships Apprenticeships provide people with broad based training along along with key skills. After they complete the course they graduate and become an employee. They aim to give a number of people undergoing training who achieve NVQs of at least level 3 for technical, craft and junior management skills. In my opinion William Hill Smith might not use this as they would probably just have part time workers, e.g. students wanting part time jobs in summer. On the job On the job training is done within the premises. Some jobs require no experience so the training will be done on arrival. This is appropriate in areas like Shop floor workers learning how to use the till, or a new clerical assistant will need to understand the filing system. William Hill will use this as they could train new employees how to interact with others. Shop floor workers can see first hand how workers that are more experienced than them handle customers, whethwer theyre nice or difficuit. Off the job training Off the job training is done off the premises. This may take place in another branch or as a college course. This is done to widen the employees skills and develop the ability that the individuals already have. Depending on the position that the employee has William Hill can send the worker on a course to develop his/her skills. Managerial positions may require this as their role is much more intense, e.g. dealing with employees or customers that may not be happy with the performance of employees. Transferable skills Transferable skills are skills that once they are learnt they can be used in many situations. Key skills of Application of Number, Communication, and Information Technology are used to develop a technique you already have. William Hill use this as it would be appropriate in their type of industry. The development of the skill that the employees possess would be needed if they were to move to another company for employment. Granted that all the skills cant be used within all industries within the same field the basic knowing of what to do in a certain predicament would be needed by the employee. William Hill providing this for them would improve their imge. Non Transferable skills These skills are specific to the job at hand. The skills you learn can only be used in a particular situation. William Hill wouldnt use this as the workers can become more productive if they learn different skills. Rotating them around would motivate them to help others and if they are to be relocated into another branch then they wouldnt need to adapt very much to they way of working. GNVQS GNVQS are a work related alternative to GCSE and A Level. This is basically the digestion of knowledge of what some companies may do. The aim is to provide education to students that want to enter a particular area of work. To progress from this area would be to move into work where an NVQ may be taken, or to move to another level (e.g.) level 2 to level 3 or level 3 to higher education (university). William Hill doesnt use this as training as the company isnt in this type of industry. If they chose to send their employees off the job for training, in a college they may prepare the employees for the basic knowledge they would need. Development This is enable individuals within William Hill to realise their potential for growth in the organisation. There are many ways you can measure individuals potential, such as appraisal, an analysis of employees performance or a system of assessment centres. There are also many ways an employee can be rewarded for their potential, such as promotion, job rotation, job enlargement, and job enrichment. William Hill offer all staff all the opportunity to develop themselves, that is why if one has the ability can progress to management level and then given the opportunity will have to go through management induction program, this will aid William Hill as workers will be more motivated as they will gain a sense of achievement which leads to greater employee retention. Training is very important for William Hill as well staff because well trained workers will be more productive and this will enable the company to meet objectives set which will increase profit. This is also good for employees especially concerning performance relate pay because a higher dividend is given. It will help save cost as there will be less waste due to fewer mistakes made also the corporate image will be enhanced because the work force are better skilled and motivated. Training and Development can increase customer satisfaction and loyalty indirectly as work will be done more efficiently and they will be more motivation to keep customers happy also it can make William Hill more competitive as they will be performing better at work.

Developing Strategy Innovation

Developing Strategy Innovation Strategy innovation is an element widely used today in reengineering the collapsing businesses. This involves a comprehensive monitor and regulation of the organizations business strategic measures in effort of new value creation for both the organization and the clients. It is indeed a very strong critical element for the survival and the success in the dynamic markets which are dominated by many competitors. It serves as a source of competitive advantage to the stable markets. The business models of many organizations become obsolete with time, exposing them to risks due to lack of customer value delivery. This has led to increase in new companies and organizations with more innovative and efficient business models increasing the level of competition in the profitable industries. Essentially many organizations and companies have taken the advantaged of the technology advancement with well strategized policies in gaining a big market share, boosting their revenue acquisition (Vadim, 2010). The technological advances in todays dynamic organizations and companies are continually changing the competitive global landscape due to increase in new materials with companies such as Nokia, IBM moving fast with the shift of technological advances and other strategic changes. Companies and organizations that are adjusted to the changes experienced in the market are well placed in the untapped potential business prospects and are essentially strategic oriented and regularly innovated. These are the companies that are eager in enhancing the value and the image of the company and involve in the redefining of the services offered to its customers. Innovation is becoming the building block of all the competition experienced today (Kenneth Klopp2010). The battle of the computer Innovation Toshiba is a company in computer industry which is a good example that gives us an overview of the strategic innovation importance in the dynamic markets. The company which was over the past very famous and prominent worldwide player of this business has been overtaken by events. It widely dominated the global market implementations which were patented in the instant computer industry segment. With the explosion of the unsettling technology due to the computer revolution, the technology became obsolete and lacked the credibility in the market. The company fails to put effort in the understanding of the potential implications on the emerging technology, and ignored the very early sign of technological advancement. Their strategic policies and the value creation in the emerging marketplace were poorly constructed. Today they are still struggling to revive their market share which has been taken by their well known competitors such as Dell and HP who were shifting their business in new value creation of both their customers and the company itself. The increase in the functional activities of the Dell Company is a fundamental and gives the company a competitve advantage due to the increase of competition which has outsided the Toshiba company. The implications of this entity is that product as well as strategy innovation is sustainable than those developed on the individual activities. Companies with a comprehensive coporate strategies which is beyond the product innovation enhances the business processes and puts the company in better position than their competitors. This involves creation of specific functions and the interelationship of these functions in they searve as the building blocks of the business model. Basically, the efficiency and the effectiveness of the business model is a criticals element of a companys strategy. Innovative Business Model According to Robert Douglas (2003), strategic innovation involves the process of innovative thinking applied not just to the products or the inventions but also to the companys businesses models. Product innovation is not the only important aspect in the market but he uniqueness and the superiority of the business model should also be a determinant in this particular matter. Creating innovative business model in the Toshiba company will bring much success. These innovative business processes involves the selling the bespoke and customized electronics devices through the internet with an effectieve supply chain management. Toshiba should take the advantage of the social networking which is currently connecting the globe not only for socila activities but also for business ventures. Toshiba company should have a clear understanding of the fact that the computers superiority doesnt approve it as the best in the market. This is widely be experienced in the todays world market on which t he companies which is not ranked in top RD capabilities are able to effectively compete in markets due to their intensive efforts geered towards development and implementation of a superior business case. The efforts used in business model and case in the company will actually provide tangible value to the company, offered the strategic significance of the companys business model in its capability to effectivelly compete in the market place. The management of innovation process builds a core resourcefull approach with the interplay facilitation between the internal company influences and the external practices. As explained in the diagram above, the central technologies and competence in the company sets the interanal companys ability in delivering value in the market. The Toshiba companys innovation change readiness drives this competence as new strategies successifully controls the companys operation functions. Sustainable competitive and viable Advantage Lack of the alignment and execution of innovation strategy by the Toshiba Company is a waste of resources. The company spends a lot of time and capital in creation of a new product which in the long run ends up being a disappointment as it is introduced to the market. The company needs to align their innovation strategy with the future technology as the technology advances. This reduces the risk and cost incurred as the companys products are well aligned with the businesses processes architecture. The company needs creation of sustainable growth strategies that empowers the business models. This involves a combination of the various approaches in effort of generating advanced values to the customers as well as the entire company. The conceptualization brings the innovations to the market thus ads the value. For a sustainable competitive advantage in the company, innovation is also required in the companys infrastructure of the people and processes. Developing and implementing the strategic invention dimension in the company helps in the achievement of the precise stability between extended and strategic company fitness. Toshiba remained for so long on the latest technological development instead of making a follow up on the technological advances and innovations which could have given the room for change. Testing the assumptions that constrain the change in new product development enables the company to maintain the strategic business alignment eliminating the short term effects. Thus the companys innovation portfolio needs the stretch which provides the equilibrium between innovative and evolutionary inventiveness (Vadim K. 2010). Innovation Engine and the road mapping Great ideas are generated that drives the future of the companys business needs to be executed and monitored by the innovative engine. Toshiba has been over taken by events in the sales of their products due to ineffective generation of ideas in their products development which entirely involves the incremental product improvements as the competition becomes stiff in the market. Implementation of innovative engine creates a competitive advantage as more significant innovation is well outlined. These are some of the efforts that excite the customers due to the reactive approach to the market. The true management value to the innovation engine is reflected in the main concern of the companys strategy. Creating the companys innovation lifecycle process allows the management to effectively plan the companys future innovation which is the guiding road map towards the company new innovations. According to Derrik Kaplan, (2010) the innovation process life cycle involves the following strat egic innovation processes: Ideation Development of the concept Business and technical evaluation The commercialization Incremental and improved innovation These incessant innovation periods encourages the innovative and outlined thinking in generation of new ideas. Road mapping allows the development of the innovation strategy in choosing and executing the important elements of the business. It is a tool that provides and triggers the innovation and creates links between the corporate. Toshiba requires the execution of the innovation management processes in implementation of the road mapping strategy of the company. This leads to the efficient companys projects portfolio management which in return creates a platform for the companys technological strategy expansion and assessment of the market approach. It is now evidently clear that innovation is an entity in the creation of new platforms of business growth. The company needs the development of an established concept in enhancing the chances of the future successes. This will enable Toshiba to fully realize the business innovation driven growth and a sustainable one for that particular matte, in ensuring a growth to mature company. understand of the process can harness the company growth strongly taking care of the frequently inevitable business disruption on which some are advantageous since they expand the business growth. The approach of identifying the areas of the opportunity and performing the SWOT analysis balances the companys both short and long term value and the return investment. A solid core technology in the company enhances competencies and provides a practical filter in companys investment and exploration of wide range of opportunities in the market. A profound customer needs insight and the future market trends tra nsform the ideas and strategies into actions with major strength in the companys inherent competence. The company should focus on the business uniqueness in its best practices. Strategies company Venturing The full success realization of the Toshiba Company comes with the development of an aggressive strategized venture with operation success of the companys critical elements. Many companies are today searching for new and emerging challenges in exploring the business opportunities in the emerging markets. The company should realize that efficiency developments are no longer adequate sources of the company growth as smaller companies are becoming the major determinant of their success. This is achieved as the companys makes the technological identifications and explores the market opportunities capitalizing them in advance and making them the market leaders with extensive market share. The new business models and the enhanced functionality of the products made at Toshiba secure the markets value scheme due to the superiority in the customers problems solutions. In full realization of the companys success, the company should exploit the external venture which involves the companys inves tment in new technologies and the rising markets. The partnership of the company with minor innovative firms drives the corporate strategies as both benefits mutually due to the exchanging of the service rendering. Systematic innovations in the company allow the acquisition and the integration abilities which an efficient source of business growth thus ventures acquisition in the companys strategies. Venture acquisition and incorporation allows the companys product supplement and business portfolio expansion with fast entry to emerging markets and provision of the quality technology. Both the external and the internal ventures really determine the companys business approach aimed at developing the innovative companys products. The constant improvement culture provides the companies sustainable competitive advantage as the technological continuous change continues to threaten the core business in market. The long lasting companys venture strategy increases the companys productivity due to increase of the new products production. Flexibility of the strategy Strategy flexibility can be achieved in the combination of various scenario based development elements of the companys business entities which will enable the implementation of a wide range of dependent strategies. The idea generation is also a recommended element with a comprehensive processes and a competitive collaboration business platform. This expands the business growth thus creating gradual innovation driven businesses. The flexibility of the innovation in the company need the assessment in its infrastructure which brings the managers understanding of the companys capability in innovation delivery to this/her attention. The innovation should incorporate both the divergent and the convergent way of thinking on which the divergent is composed of the strategic innovation approach. The divergent process is an open ended and tentative method with a qualitative discovery of new market trends. The companys innovations should posses a firm linkage to the core business competence in o rder to be viable. The unconsciously companys limit of their growth gives it self sufficiency in establishment and expansion of the market share (Vadim, 2010). Innovation System model Creating an innovation system model in the Toshiba Company creates and defines the central elements of the innovation together with their behavior and the business interaction. This allows easier understanding of the companys multifaceted issues and innovations dynamics. The establishment of the innovation framework that assist the company in identification of the driving forces which in turn shows the practices used by the competitors should be entailed. This involves the management of the uncertain business intrinsic with operations that generates the market value of the companys product and the future opportunities created by the innovation. Business architecture is fast growing with enhanced functional roles which are growing in demand due to the increase in the unbalanced company business systems. The company need creation of an enhanced innovation culture that inspires, organizes the business structural processes facilitating and influencing the diversity. This empowers and rew ards the company hard word in its business prospects. Discovering the probability for the organizational value addition to the company needs the systematic synergies business approach. This is due to the market gradual change that is increasingly accelerating randomly which further exposes the company to the market risk. Developing the business synergies is an addition of value in the company and this maximizes return of investment in the companys business transactions. Managing this business innovation needs a better formulated approach to the business system due to the assumptions that comes along the way. The companys strategic and operational practices should assist the customers in strategic decision making and the implementations of the business advancement in the parts of the business entities such as the clients relations, management of the supply chain, financial department etc. This improves the service effectiveness in the company with an overwhelming customer satisfaction in the market. Conclusion Toshiba Company should be on the forefront in the provision of the innovative solutions in improvement of the business performance boosting the companys revenue and the cash flow which is today being taken by its prominent competitors such as the Apple and the Dell companies. The companys strategy and innovation enables the companys to attain a sustainable superiors performance and return of investment enhancing the critical functions in align and defining them to the companys vision to strategic presentation capacity and management (Chris Stephen, 2010). The company should be concerned with the future more than the past in a proactive and deliquesce way as it experience a radical shift in the business diversification due to strategically innovative steps at the critical points in the market. As it is well know, creation of value both to the clients and the company changes the competition basis in the market place. This is achievable by the creation of an efficient business models a nd methods which aims at new value delivery in the market.

Police Force and Discretion :: Public Safety, Police Discretion

The degree of force that officers use is heavily influenced by police discretion in real-world situations rather than espoused by a certain agenda. Discretion can be classified into four different categories where administrators, the community, and the individual police officer exercise differing degrees of influence in decision-making. What is needed to help officer discretion is a central ethos that will guide discretion when all other rules fail to help. Normal force is distinct from legal and brutal force (Hunt, 1985). Legal force is taught in police academy. It pertains to being able to subdue, restrain, and control a suspect if the officer is threatened with great bodily harm. Legal force also encompasses the use of deadly force if justified. Normal force is learned when the officer hits the streets and is conditioned to buy more effective weapons, which produce more damage to the suspect. In the academy recruits are taught not to hit a person on the head or neck because of their vulnerability, but on the street officers must hit the suspect wherever they can to control them. Peer approval further justifies this treatment. Thus, when police use the necessary amount of force they are not held accountable for a needed increase, but in fact will be looked down upon by fellow officers if a rookie does not show the necessary aggression. Police use discretion through weighing the costs and benefits of each situation (Wilson, 1968). The helpfulness of their choice is much more important than obeying their duty or moral. Thus, when normal force is explained it is done under the pretense of justifiably. To recap, normal force is simply the force used under police discretion that is neither legally taught nor brutal (Hunt, 1985). Normal force is justified by taking responsibility for their actions, yet denying they were wrong because of situational or abstract events. At other times officers use excuses for normal force and recognize their use of force as inappropriate. They will recall emotional or psychological states as a reason for such inappropriate actions. Police discretion is structured and controlled by the kind of situation that the police must deal with (Wilson, 1968). Wilson (1968) delineates four different situations. Police-invoked law enforcement, citizen-invoked law enforcement, police-invoked order maintenance, and citizen-invoked order maintenance. In police-invoked law enforcement police initiate action against crimes that usually do not have victims (Wilson, 1968). Police Force and Discretion :: Public Safety, Police Discretion The degree of force that officers use is heavily influenced by police discretion in real-world situations rather than espoused by a certain agenda. Discretion can be classified into four different categories where administrators, the community, and the individual police officer exercise differing degrees of influence in decision-making. What is needed to help officer discretion is a central ethos that will guide discretion when all other rules fail to help. Normal force is distinct from legal and brutal force (Hunt, 1985). Legal force is taught in police academy. It pertains to being able to subdue, restrain, and control a suspect if the officer is threatened with great bodily harm. Legal force also encompasses the use of deadly force if justified. Normal force is learned when the officer hits the streets and is conditioned to buy more effective weapons, which produce more damage to the suspect. In the academy recruits are taught not to hit a person on the head or neck because of their vulnerability, but on the street officers must hit the suspect wherever they can to control them. Peer approval further justifies this treatment. Thus, when police use the necessary amount of force they are not held accountable for a needed increase, but in fact will be looked down upon by fellow officers if a rookie does not show the necessary aggression. Police use discretion through weighing the costs and benefits of each situation (Wilson, 1968). The helpfulness of their choice is much more important than obeying their duty or moral. Thus, when normal force is explained it is done under the pretense of justifiably. To recap, normal force is simply the force used under police discretion that is neither legally taught nor brutal (Hunt, 1985). Normal force is justified by taking responsibility for their actions, yet denying they were wrong because of situational or abstract events. At other times officers use excuses for normal force and recognize their use of force as inappropriate. They will recall emotional or psychological states as a reason for such inappropriate actions. Police discretion is structured and controlled by the kind of situation that the police must deal with (Wilson, 1968). Wilson (1968) delineates four different situations. Police-invoked law enforcement, citizen-invoked law enforcement, police-invoked order maintenance, and citizen-invoked order maintenance. In police-invoked law enforcement police initiate action against crimes that usually do not have victims (Wilson, 1968).

How have some Chinese companies achieved success in foreign markets? :: Business, International Companies

Over the last 30 years the world has seen drastic changes in the Chinese way of making business. Nowadays, China has opened its businesses to the rest of the world, especially America and Europe (Teagarden & Cai, 2009). As a result, their economy has increased and the evolution of the companies have changed to be from closed doors to be international and multinational (Teagarden & Cai, 2009). This essay will analyze, first of all, how some Chinese companies have had success abroad, looking at the strategy that they applied to expand and to improve their products. Furthermore, this essay will show examples of successful Chinese firms, such as Lenovo and TCL Group, and how they achieve it. According to Teagarden & Cai (2009) Chinese companies have expanded abroad for three reasons. Firstly, ‘to secure natural resources to satisfy the demand of their home costumers for raw and fuel; secondly to identify and secure foreign technology and know-how; finally, to escape home market saturation and ruthless price wars’ (Teagarden & Cai, 2009: 73). In addition, Teagarden & Cai (2009) noted that in order to become multinational firms, Chinese companies followed a pattern of four phases: Learning phase, firms started to build alliances with international respected companies, such as, possible competitors or acquisitions, absorbing the information about new technology and services, and know-how to improve their own brand. However, achieving this phase was no easy, China had its doors closed for foreign businesses for decades. They needed to train their key managers about how international companies work and manufacturing skills. Build-Up Phase, once companies absorbed knowledge they started to research and improve their own brand, and imitating the existing technology achieving innovation and chain expansion, namely, exportation of their product. Internationalization Phase, during this phase Chinese companies focused on ‘building brand, localization of products and services for new markets, and differentiation of products to support higher margins’ they did what was ‘good enough’ for the market (Teagarden & Cai, 2009:78). An important issue during this phase was to research and develop the products, and to keep the key talent of the company, such as managers and engineers. Globalization Phase, companies were known locally, regionally and internationally, their products were already improved offering innovative services. However, as The Economist (2007) has highlighted, while more global the companies are more aware of corporate social responsibility they need to be, namely, foreign stakeholders will expect, not only innovative and effective products, but also they will open their doors and invest their money to companies that are social responsible.