Humour

Humour comes from a tool that was constructed with a two boards so when one comedian hit another with it, the boards slapped. One of the most popular comics in this category was Charlie Chaplin. The most characteristic feature of physical humour is that comedians rarely use words to provoke laughter. Mimes use the motion of their bodies to narrate a humorous story. The origins of mime date back to the ancient Greece, but then the performances were not necessarily silent, because sometimes the performers sang or delivered recitations. In medieval times the art of mimes developed and in the nineteenth century the mime became recognizable by his speechless posture and the white mask. Clowning is, in a way, a connection between slapstick comedy and mime, as it uses both methods to produce laughter in the addressee. Contemporarily, the clown is a figure identified by various costumes, distinctive makeup, a red nose, and colourful wigs, but clowning has its roots in ancient times, where clowns were mainly bald, with bizarre hats and plaid uniforms. The earliest clowns performed buffoonery, practical jokes, juggling, or parody and these things have not changed much throughout the ages. Harlequin and Pierrot are two of the most popular types of clowns, who owe their existence to commedia dell'arte. Notably, their characteristics originates in sixteenth and seventeenth century European culture. 1.4. Commedia dell'arte Commedia dell'arte as one of the oldest forms of professional theatre flourished in the 16th century through to the 18th century, in Italy. The performances were mainly improvised, and the actors were professionals. They used costumes and masks that illustrated their character. Their comical models were identified by their appearance or behaviour. Initially, they were supposed to represent inhabitants of a specific part of Italy and even included the dialect of a distinct area. Additionally, the relations between characters onstage were similar to these between actors in their lives and because of this fact, the plays were more credible.

Professional and Managerial Ethics Caselet Essay

Limaha Inc. is a world-renowned toilet manufacturer founded in 1967. Limaha led the innovation of advanced bathroom utilities and mainly caters to First Class airports and 5-star hotels. The recent Asian economy boom has led to increased demands of Limaha toilet bowls for the business expansion of their loyal clients. In response, the company has decided call for this unprecedented increase in production that must be met as soon as possible.Jenny Panaguiton, the purchasing manager of Limaha’s main office, was tasked to choose a supplier of premium porcelain to be used in the production of their patented No Pressure toilet bowls. This production will include a big production contract with a new posh hotel in the country’s capital whose construction is about to end with the installation of their bathroom fixtures. After careful analysis from 20 suppliers by the purchasing department, Jenny was presented and left to decide between two suppliers: O Mang China and Teddy B. Solutions. O Mang China offered superior porcelain at a high price. This price along with other costs necessary to deliver the porcelain to the production plants was estimated to exceed the company’s budget. Although Limaha can choose to go ahead and allocate more capital for this transaction, it could result to lower company profits if the previously agreed sales price of No Pressure toilet bowls is not increased. If Limaha decides to charge a higher price on their new product, there is a high possibility that the hotel client would back out from the contract and change to another toilet manufacturer for confirmed business ventures next year. Teddy B. Solutions, on the other hand, offered a lower price for the porcelain materials which is well within the company’s budget. Christopher Barrido, the company’s Vice President for Production even greatly encouraged Jenny on choosing Teddy B, as the really low price of the porcelain would bring significant favorable variances in their division’s costs. Not only would their division have a pretty image in front of the Board, there would even be a possible salary increase. He even promised Jenny of a bright future in the company if she makes the right decision. Jenny, however, doubts their VP’s motives, as Christopher would not normally recommend any supplier and would just leave the Purchasing Department on their decisions. She thinks Christopher’s actions have something to do with the generous gifts Christopher has been receiving recently from his long-time friend and classmate, Teddy B. Teddy B’s proposal is highly attractive when just considering the company’s profits. However, the production team who reviewed the samples from Teddy B showed results that were a far cry from O Mang’s porcelain. Materials from Teddy B produced inferior quality toilet bowls. The production team voiced out their concerns through Pie Bread, the production manager. Pie greatly discouraged the use of Teddy B materials to Christopher Barrido, arguing that the use of such materials would greatly affect their quality, and the name of Limaha Inc. could be tarnished through this. They were also very concerned that the hotel might withdraw previous arrangements with Limaha because of the fact that these inferior toilet bowls were simply not appropriate for the posh hotel. Christopher just won’t have any of Pie’s arguments. He argued that the employees under her department were only exaggerating about the quality of the samples. Teddy B has long been in the business of supplying porcelain, so he argued that the problem is not on the materials, but on the workers handling the production who are not being efficient enough to produce at the expected quality. Pie and Christopher’s debate had been long, and word travelled that Pie was even threatened of demotion if results with the Teddy B samples still would not improve. Needless to say, people from production are now pointing daggers to the purchasing department, as their decisions could cause them their jobs. And so Jenny tried to negotiate the price offer of O Mang China and asked for any other possible alternatives their company could have. Its owner, Osmong, however presented her a very outrageous offer. Osmong is her former lover from a very bad and traumatic relationship.  Osmong, feeling bitter, is still deeply in love with Jenny even after she broke up with him six months ago for a number of undisclosed reasons. Since the breakup, Jenny has vowed to never reconcile with this man again. In a desperate attempt to get Jenny back, Osmong offered to significantly reduce their price to go lower than that of Teddy B, if and only if, she agrees to go back together with him again. This new price would mean that there would be no need for a price increase on the No Pressure toilet bowl, and they could even attract more potential long-term customers because of their high-quality products at a really low price.  To add to the list of her worries, Jenny received a note to come to a private meeting in a nearby cafà © with Bea Wing, Limaha’s Internal Auditor. The meeting had been really stressful, as the topic was Teddy B’s alleged recent romantic interest with Jenny. Teddy has been sending Jenny many gifts and invitations to dinners since the start of the year, and they had gone to a few dates. Jenny, however, just treated their relationship as platonic, and concluded that nothing can come out of their business meetings. Bea however would not believe any of it. Bea had been married to Teddy B for three years. Sadly, a gap in their relationship has formed due to their busy schedules. She noticed her husband’s special attention to Jenny, and thought that a possible divorce could be coming to her soon if Jenny continues to â€Å"lead him on† with her business partnerships. Bea thinks that this new materials supplying contract could be the last straw. She later vowed, that if Jenny makes one wrong move on choosing her husband and destroy her marriage, she would definitely destroy her life. Jenny was visibly shaken, given that Bea really has the power to do so, with a few alterations on her department’s financial statement, and some words with Board of Directors regarding her process of choosing the material suppliers. Jenny really has a lot riding in this decision. The company profits, the production employees, her personal relationships, her co-workers, and her own job are at stake in this one important decision of choosing the supplier of porcelain for the No Pressure toilet bowl model. She could not afford to lose her job now, given that it is the only way for her to pay for the medical bills of her five dogs in the hospital. This one decision could make  or break her life. Even more so, she’s not even sure if it is right. What do you think would be the best action to take?

12 Summer Programs You Can Still Apply To

As second semester heats up, you’re probably focusing on studying for APs, prepping for standardized tests, and keeping up your grades. If there’s any time left over, you’re juggling extracurriculars and family commitments. It’s no wonder that you might have forgotten that summer is just around the corner. If you’re just realizing that it’s time to start thinking about summer programs and plans, you may be disappointed to realize that some deadlines have already come and gone. There’s no reason to despair, though. Plenty of high-quality, well-regarded summer programs are still accepting applications. Here, we’ll introduce 12 awesome summer opportunities with application deadlines in mid-February or later. Don’t miss the chance to polish your skills and experience all that these amazing summer programs have to offer. This summer program combines seminars and collaborative hands-on projects to develop the skills essential to pursuing majors in the STEM field. Students are selected based on their strong academic records, and students who are underrepresented minorities, from families of low socioeconomic status, potentially first in family to attend college, or enrolled at rural or inner-city schools with historically low rates of admittance to top-tier colleges are invited to apply. There is so charge for tuition, room, or board, but students are responsible for books, supplies, and transportation. Apply by March 1, 2018 to be considered. Hosted by Arizona State University in Phoenix, this program hosts student journalists from across the country for two weeks of reporting, social media, web production, shooting and editing video and photos, and producing and directing a student newscast. Many tuition, room, board, and material costs are covered by donors. Students are expected to provide their own transportation and the cost of incidentals. Applications are due by March 16, 2018. This selective summer program teaches future leaders how to integrate economics into decision-making in a hands-on, experiential environment. The goal of the program is to build effective leadership skills and the skills to employ economic analysis. Sophomores and juniors are invited to apply and applications are evaluated based on leadership potential, maturity, and the applicant’s visions for their future. College credit is available through a partnership with the University of Colorado. The program cost is $1700, though scholarships are available, and the standard application deadline is March 15, 2018. Â   These free, seven-week long computer science summer programs are hosted by top tech companies across the country, including Amazon and Twitter. The goal of the program is to teach coding to sophomore and junior high school girls while offering exposure to tech jobs across disciplines. Computer science projects may include art, storytelling, robotics, video games, websites, apps, and more. Applications are accepted through March 16, 2018. This six-week intensive college-level math experience is described as demanding and expanding. Participants spend most of each day exploring math in engaging and hands-on ways. Students spend their mornings and evenings in classes and and problem sessions, with afternoons free to rest, read, and explore. Program cost is around $5000, but financial aid is available and the program states that money issues will not prevent an accepted student from attending. Applications are rolling but students are encouraged to apply as early as possible. Our Early Advising Program helps students in 9th and 10th grade discover their passions and build strong academic and extracurricular profiles to succeed in high school. Hosted by the Kelley School of Business, this program is intended to introduce high school girls to the college experience and business career opportunities. Students in this program spend one week participating in workshops, interacting with business students and alums, preparing a real-world business case study, and networking with women in business. High school juniors with a GPA of at least 3.5 on a 4.0 scale are invited to apply. Program cost is free but participants must cover transportation and personal expenses.

Leadership when chance occurs the effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership when chance occurs the effects - Essay Example â€Å"A leader is a person who has a vision, a drive and a commitment to achieve that vision, and the skills to make it happen† (Reh, 2010). Given the enormous demerits of the conventional practices worldwide that have resulted into unsustainable development, pollution and global warming, people require a change and leadership addresses their concern. Very few people are actually accoutered with adequate knowledge of what leadership is, what to talk of the number of people who actually practice it! A vast majority of people confuse leadership with management. In fact, the former is an effort towards change, and the latter, towards sound administration of what already exists. One of the biggest hurdles in the way of effective leadership is lack of trust among the followers. Owing to the political upsets that have affected the contemporary society all over the world, people have lost confidence in their leaders. Their lack of confidence declines their sincerity with their leaders and ultimately, this results in lack of compliance with the instructions and guidelines provided by the leaders. Followers’ lack of trust in their leaders has also got a severely negative influence on the economic stability and strength of a nation. For example, let’s look at this matter in the context of an organizational setup. When subordinates do not have confidence in their leader, they tend not to trust him/her. In such circumstances, when a leader passes on an instruction, the followers analyze the instruction with respect to all possible repercussions before acting according to it because they are not sure if the leader was watchful of all possible consequen ces that could be unfavorable for the followers in any way. The followers’ analysis of the leader’s instruction consumes time and the process experiences delays. All this time goes unproductive and the organization incurs additional administrative and management costs

US PATRIOT ACT POSITION PAPER Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US PATRIOT ACT POSITION - Research Paper Example As such, the USA Patriot Act is the appropriate response to terrorism. Al Qaeda attack on the World Trade Centre on 11th September, 2001, is an acronym for ‘Uniting And Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required To Intercept And Obstruct Terrorism.’ This statute was signed into law by President George Bush on 26 October, 2001. The main thrust of the Act is the streamlining of communication between the miscellaneous intelligence agencies, and the strengthening of the powers of law enforcement agencies in accessing private records, gathering intelligence, regulating financial transactions and controlling immigration. A reauthorization Bill, incorporating several changes, was passed in March, 2006. It is indisputable that the Patriot Act is a necessary and potent tool to combat terrorism, and to plug the existing loopholes that impede investigations. Some provisions of the Act have generated debate in the context of the infringement of privacy and civil liberties. The three controversial provisions of the Patriot Act are Se ction 213 which validates delayed notification search warrants, Section 215 which provides intelligence agencies access to private records, and Section 802 which defines domestic terrorism. Section 213 of the Patriot Act, which has been dubbed the ‘sneak and peek’ provision, authorizes the FBI to search the business or residential premises of a terrorism suspect without giving the target of the investigation any immediate notice of the search. Searches may be conducted by secret court orders, without a criminal subpoena, by submitting that the search is ‘sought for’ in an ongoing investigation. The FBI does not have to establish that it has ‘probable cause’ to infer that the suspect is actively involved in terrorist activity. (ACLU ProCon.org). Critics aver that the standards set by the Act for obtaining broad

Fat vs Thin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fat vs Thin - Essay Example The adjective form of the word is of interest here. Fat can be looked at as the state of being well stocked and having plenty to spare. Abundance is a pre requisite of being fat in whatever way. If one is physically fat, then the body has to be plump with a lot of flabby tissue, signifying abundance. A more polite way of referring o such a person would be saying that one is obese or overweight. When referring to anything else as fat, the idea behind it would be portraying the object as being well filled and rich in quality and tone. Anything that is fat possesses the character of being impressive and substantial. Whereas referring to someone as fat can be looked at as negative and often demeaning; the exact opposite meaning is obtained if and when talking about lifeless objects and phenomena (Altman 26). Thin is a word that can also be categorized as an adverb, noun or adjective depending on its use and position in a sentence. The most important definition to us would be the adjective form of the word. The word thin is descriptive in nature and is used to describe entities, be they alive or lifeless. Thin means being in a poor and inadequate state. It is often used to describe matter that is sparsely placed and poorly concentrated. Insufficiency is usually the underlying causative phenomenon in as far as being thin is concerned. It informs the absence of fullness and resonance. Human beings and animals can also be defined as thin. Thin in this sense would mean that one is slender or lean in stature and form (Altman 69). Thin is majorly used to describe one’s embodiment. Whereas thin can generally be viewed as a negative phenomenon, there are instances when it defines positivity. When a person is referred to as thin for instance, the assumption is that the person is both lean and in shape. Fat is the opposite of thin and vice versa. No matter how you look at it regardless of what informs your decision, something or someone cannot be

The Christian Paradox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Christian Paradox - Essay Example At the same time, three quarters of American believe that one of the teachings of the Bible is: "God helps those who help themselves". An anti-Christian statement said by Benjamin Franklin. What Jesus actually said was "Love your neighbor as yourself". This is one of the most important principles of the Bible's teachings. How could something as clear as this ideal of selfless love and care for the others, become the opposite at the core of people's beliefs While we are among the richest nations in the earth, we rank among the last countries in giving aid to the poor countries. We provide 15 cents each per day to the official development assistance to poor countries. Yet the point is, as McKibben says, not that America ranks bad in these categories; "it's that the overwhelmingly Christian American nation trails badly in all these categories, categories to which Jesus paid particular attention". What Jesus Christ meant by loving our neighbors was to help the poor, the sick, the naked and hungry; not our suburban fellows. This wisdom didn't apparently became very popular at the suburban mega-churches, where you can buy lattes and listen to self-centered sermons such as "how to discipline your children, how to reach your professional goals, how to invest your money, how to reduce your debt" (McKibben, 2005). When did faith become a marketing product for consumers Chris... Let's forget about Jesus focus on others, and make best-sellers filled with self-improvement, self-esteem, self-obsessed advice. Bill McKibben is an environmental writer. He is surprised to see yet another example of the Christian paradox in our environmental policies. Countries where religion is not so important, such as Norway and Sweden, actually are more concerned about a healthy atmosphere than us. In these places they have taken much more measures to protect their environment; like cutting back on their carbon emissions, using public transport, living in smaller places, etc. Instead, the U.S.A., one of the countries that produces the most carbon emissions1, is not signed up at the Kyoto Protocol. Would it be better if we abandoned our so-called Christianity The author wonders if in the "absence of the magical answers of religion, people might just get around to solving their problems and strengthening their communities in more straightforward ways". Yet, it seems like this nation will stay a "Christian nation, but what kind of Christian nation"(McKibben, 2005). Examples like Alabama's governor's failed attempt to change the tax rate or the Colorado jury who condemned someone to death based on the "eye for an eye" philosophy, illustrate once more, the abyss that exists between Jesus' will and the actual politics. In the words of McKibben: "they undercut Jesus, muffle his hard words, deaden his call, and in the end silence him. In fact, the soft-focus consumer gospel of the suburban megachurches is a perfect match for emergent conservative economic notions about personal responsibility instead of collective action".(McKibben, 2005). Can we really blame only the religious leaders for our counter-biblical behavior We are

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Art - Essay Example e Head of Saint John the Baptist is one example of the artist’s works with Biblical subject and embodies the style of the Baroque period, which is characterized mainly of dynamic movements and emotional intensity. In Caravaggio’s painting depicting the Biblical character Herodias with the beheaded John the Baptist, dynamic movement is evident in the oblique lines visible in the artwork particularly the leaning position of the main subject while as the emotional intensity is visible in the colors used by the painter. The colors used were dominantly dark shades of red, blue, brown and green as if signifying the somber mood of the painting as it mainly depicts the death of John the Baptist and the triumph of the wicked. The colors also insinuate the bloodshed that transpired and the lifeless head of John the Baptist that is of a greenish-blue pallor. The volume element of the painting shows depth of each form in the painting and contributes to the dramatic appeal of the artwork as it creates an impression that the person in the painting holding a severed head is real and is just in front of the viewer. The emotional intensity in this painting perfectly exemplifies the attributes of the Baroque period and serving the propaganda of the Catholic Re-reformation during that period. Pilgrimage to Cythera (Embarkation for Cythera) done in 1717 by French artist Jean-Antoine Watteau is oil on canvas work created during the Rococo period and is 1.29 m x 1.94 m. in size currently housed in the Louvre. Watteau’s artwork was created during the Age of Enlightenment in Europe wherein philosophical reasoning had flourished and artworks commonly had to be confined to have a rationale behind them. (Pomarede) Appropriately representing the Rococo style is the artist’s Pilgrimage to Cythera (Embarkation for Cythera) in terms of lines, subject and form since it depicts a group of men and women in a scene that looks as though they were preparing to travel to Cythera—an island

Kepplewray project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kepplewray project - Essay Example The team management experience at Kepplewray shall now be explored in depth. Teams have been traditionally defined as â€Å"dynamic, emergent and adaptive† units that are rooted in systems involving multiple levels (Kozlowski & Ilgen, 2006). The Kepplewray project also required us to form teams that adapt to multiple situations such as climbing on uneven rocks, aiming at the right target and jumping into the water. As part of this project, all team members were required to engage in activities such as Ghyll Scrambles, Rock Climbing, Abseiling, Canoeing, Archery, Mountain Walking and Tree Climbing. However, this project was not merely a venue for recreation but also a venue for learning team management with diverse members as it brought together both disabled and non-disabled individuals. One of the first steps in this project was that of building a team. This is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of the team, satisfy members’ needs and enhance work conditions (Brawley & Paskevich, 1997). Tuckman has explained the stages of team development as forming, storming, norming and performing which occur as the team sets goals, expands, faces challenges, tackles issues and finds their solutions and delivers the output (O'Connell & Cuthbertson, 2009). Although Tuckman suggests storming to be the most difficult stage, performing proved to be the most difficult stage in our case (Scholtes et al., 2003). While forming a team, identifying the issues (in this case the problem of climbing up steep rocks and canoeing in fast waters) or setting mutual goals was not a problem, executing tasks such as abseiling was. At the very least, group dynamism was weak as some individuals lacked energy and vitality to take up challenges owing to fear. It is believed that successful coaches possess the quality of creating and developing a vision that incorporates the differing levels of ability amongst group members as well as varying motivations, perceptions and personal characteristics (Desjardins, 1996). Good visions have the power of enhancing t he emotional commitment of group members and uniting them around a task (Stevens, 2002). Since our group also contained individuals who were either disabled or obese, our coach set realistic targets and assigned certain activities such as abseiling only to those individuals who were not obese. This way group conflict was minimized. Cohesion has primarily been defined as social cohesion (the extent to which team members â€Å"like each other† and task cohesion (the extent to which members work together to achieve common objectives) (Hodge, 1995). Although social cohesion was weak at first, as time passed a positive environment was created as members got to know each other and started interacting. Task cohesion was also reflected in instances where one of us got stuck while climbing the mountain which urged one of my friends to assist that person so that he could catch up with us. Role acceptance also generates significant challenges for the team. Furthermore, role clarity and role acceptance are generally interrelated (Weinberg & Gould, 2011). One of the major issues our team faced was who will do what? There was a lot of ambiguity initially; however, right before the activities were to start the coach clarified everyone’s roles which enhanced our team’s cohesion. Although everyone would be a part of the activities, someone had to lead the team and coordinate with the coach. While climbing for instance, one of the leaders was supposed to be behind the team and one was

Managing and leading people 01 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing and leading people 01 - Essay Example Based on some critical research findings related to culture, this report intends to focus mainly on its implications on labour legislation, human resource management (HRM), leadership and people management, cross-border negotiations, knowledge management etc and any other issues that might get noticed during literature study. Finally, conclusions will be drawn based on key findings and applicable recommendations will be made if required. Impact of culture on industry and economics has been established through numerous research and studies throughout the world; the main study that stands out in this sphere is that conducted by Hofstede (1980) whose pioneering work in this sphere has opened up new ways to approach business and management in the international contexts. These studies revealed that national culture has an impact on social norms, which in turn influence work-related values of individuals; and that national culture influences the corporate culture through the kind of policies, practices and procedures followed in the organisation. Values of business owners get translated into practices for employee management. Hofstede’s work identified five dimensions of national culture that get translated into, or influence, management practices. These include power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism, masculinity-feminity, and time orientation (French et al., 2011). Following Hofstede, ma ny other studies on culture and its impact on management have been conducted with significant findings. Trompenaars and Turner (1993) identified seven dimensions; and Hall’s (1989) work identified aspects of communication that could have different meanings in different cultures. The project GLOBE by House et al., (1997) is yet another groundbreaking work to determine impact of culture on various management aspects (Steers, Sanchez- Runde & Nardon,

Do not rock the boat! Essay Example for Free

Do not rock the boat! Essay Everybody has there own prospective on what a best friend is, from someone that makes them laugh, to simply somebody that just listens to their problems. In my eyes a best friend is a real friend, someone you can count on, someone that is always there for you when you need them the most. And that makes them a best friend in my book. Trying to find one is a different story. I have had my fair share of bad friendships they had me fooled that they were always there for me when all they had were bad intentions. At that point I had given up on the idea that there was someone in this world that I can trust, somebody that I can be myself around. Was I asking for too much? That all changed on September 11, 2010 at Kearny high school, in Ms. Cooks first period English class. It was quite a small room so it was very noticeable when someone walked thru those blue doors into the crowded room. One by one, I studied each new fresh faces walking into the class.Each facial expression sharing a nervous, curios, but exiting look. About twenty minutes after the late bell rang (that girl was always late to everything) a dark skinned, Indian looking, Mexican about 6’2 in height walked into the classroom. Her long wavy jet-black hair caught my attention first, then her bright brown oval eyes, thick bone structure, and her big bright blue Jansport backpack she was caring in her right hand. I have not seen a backpack that large since fifth grade and for a second, I thought we where back in Elementary school. To make my description about her more clear she looked like a thicker and taller version of Pocahontas. One of the Disney princesses I grew up watching as a little kid. Her name is Jocelyn Guzman-Diaz, a corny, full of life, girl that just moved from Oregon to San Diego, California to get closer to her father. Spring Break weekend of 2010, at Camp Managuay was the coldest weekend I ever had to endure. Cold rainy days, tree roaring nights, the smell of burning oak roasting in the fire pits, the feel of the ash against your face, and the sound embrassing of all the JROTC cadets tan combat boots crunching the crisp frozen grass to wake up to every morning, in our Camo uniforms. As cold and unpleasant as that sounds, that weekend was the best weekend I have ever had with my best  friend. With tons of and tummy hurting laughter moments we had along the way. Jocelyn and I got selected to go to camp Managuay, a woodsy campsite located about two hours away from Mesa college with our JROTC instructors and about eighty or so cadets. We arrived in a whale looking tour bus. It dropped us off in front of a huge dark green pine tree with blue tent sacks sped out on the dirt. We would stay up till one, two, even three in the morning laying in our cold hard tent cracking jokes knowing we would have to wake up at six o’ clock in the morning. I remember this specific moment where the instructors marched us down to the Managuay Lake to go canoeing. The wide, open enchanting lake felt as if I was in wonderland. We all took turns grabbing a bright yellow banana looking canoe. One by one canoes started plopping in the freezing water. Jocelyn is the most careless person in the world when it comes to following instructions and the first rule she breaks is DO NOT ROCK THE BOAT! She is in her boat singing and swaying her long wavy hair back and fourth. Then all of a sudden she swayed too far to the left and her met the water and the canoe met her head. I broke down In laughter. The more I looked at her the harder I laughed. It felt like I was going have a giggle attack! That moment had our trip. We forgot all about those cold, wintery, nights and the dirty, rough, uneven, tent floors. I chose to write about this day because despite the harsh conditions that we were faced with we made the best of it and had fun with it. We did not care how people were looking at us or how strange they thought we were because we were having the best time.

Tokugawa Period (Edo Period) Essay Example for Free

Tokugawa Period (Edo Period) Essay The relevance of the Tokugawa Period (Edo Period) to the development of Modern Japan is based on the fact that it marked the restoration of imperial rule and ushered in the beginning of the development of early modern Japan (Bryant 2005).   The innovations that were introduced during this period included the increase in commerce through the encouragement of the shipping of commodities.   This resulted in the economic expansion of Japan on a domestic scale initially and eventually foreign commerce. This also saw the flourishing of construction trades as well as banking facilities and merchant guilds (Bryant 2005).    Through these economic developments, Japan quickly saw the urbanization of its society and the rising economic independence through the increase in agricultural production and the spread of rural handicrafts which greatly revitalized the economy and helped convert a population that was comprised of 80 percent (80%) peasants into a more mercantile population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Qing Dynasty (Manchu Dynasty) was the last ruling imperial dynasty of China.   The fall of traditional China was caused by the weakened military power during the 1800’s and the massive rebellions that shook China during the same period.   By the early 20th century, the death of Ci Xi and the Guangxu emperor had left the imperial family relatively powerless and unstable against the mass civil disorder that had begun (Bartlett 1991). The ultimate humiliation for the Qing dynasty was the loss of imperial power that it had when it relinquished control over the military to Yuan Shi-kai and his Beiyang commanders and the establishment of a Republican constitutional reform.   This led to installation of Yuan Shi-kai as the president of the Republic pursuant to the negotiations with Sun Yat-Sen.   Finally, in 1912, after 12 rounds of negotiations, Longyu issued the Imperial Edict bringing about the abdication of the child emperor Puyi and thus marking the fall of traditional imperial China (Bartlett 1991). References: Beatrice S. Bartlett. Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ching China, 1723–1820. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991. Anthony J. Bryant Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power, Praeger Publishers; September, 2005

Referential Cohesion In The Construction Of Magazines English Language Essay

Referential Cohesion In The Construction Of Magazines English Language Essay Texts are categorized according to different genres, which are placed within a context. For example, articles in magazines are arranged in a way of coherence so that readers are able to interpret from what is being read. Yet, there are argument in terms of the word text and discourse. Like cohesion and coherence which needed to be distinguished, the inconsistencies of both terms have brought upon much confusion in studies done. Some researchers claimed to be doing text analysis but instead, have provided a study on discourse analysis albeit the basis of distinction of text and discourse as defined by Widdowson (1973; extracted from Widdowson, 2002); are the structure of sentences and usage of such sentences, respectively. But Widdowson (1978; Ibid.) himself did not maintain his definition and claimed later on, that discourse consists of sentences with properties such as cohesion and coherence. Much confusion led to many researchers to conclude that text is only used to refer to physi cal arrangement of linguistic signals on paper (Tadros, 1981), whereas discourse is used to refer to every investigation on the structure (supra-sentential) of any range of spoken or written language. Otherwise, this distinction is deemed unnecessary. Cohesion and coherence are analyzed based on individual texts and ergo, need to be distinguished. Cohesion correlates with the overt semantic relations whereas coherence deals with the relationship aspects of semantics, as well as pragmatics, within the text which are interpretable against the readers prior world knowledge (de Beaugrande Dressier 1981). In other words, cohesion deals with the surface level of text, whilst coherence serves as the underlying phenomenon in the text. Coherence is otherwise known as texture, features the combination of semantic configurations which is made up of register and cohesion. Cohesion, being the main focus of Halliday and Hasans work, is said to be a display of existing ties, between a presupposed item and a presupposing item that occurred in the text; thus making the text cohere. That said, Cohesion does not concern what a text means; it concerns how the text is constructed as a semantic edifice.(1976:26). Cohesion, thus contributes to the conn ectedness of the surface elements in the text (Berzlanovich, 2008), and builds the structure of the text in form of coherent sentences; which in the case of this paper, cohesion will be analyzed in the context of a local fashion magazines article. The way cohesion revolves around the text also depends on the varieties of discourse. Discourse here refers to verbal communication in its situational and social context (Ibid.). Since the roles of both cohesion and coherence occur interdependently with the type of genre, in some articles like academic discourse; it is found that conjunction is favored more as a cohesive link between sentences. Also, register-specific vocabulary in the text seems to be denoting as a primary factor for stronger cohesive effect, rather than general vocabulary (Teich Fankhauser, 2005). As for narrative structured articles like those from the fashion magazines, previous studies have found that the dominant characteristic typically found in narrative texts is referential cohesion especially when participant chains, anaphoric links, temporal and spatial progression are being investigated (Fox 1987, Berzlanovich, 2008). Lexical items are necessary in the organization of a discourse in order to consider its meanings semantically and whether those sentences are in association with the intended meanings in the text. Thus, lexical items are categorized into two groups: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion (Table 1, Appendix 1). Grammatical cohesion encompasses reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunctions, whilst lexical cohesion is classified into two types which are reiteration and collocation (Halliday Hasan, 1976). Previous studies have been published in abundance regarding textual cohesion and its devices. Nevertheless, so far to my knowledge, none of them has considered fashion magazine articles as a genre for analysis in the corpus of linguistic research, albeit many studies had been done in the area of language and gender but not from the linguistics aspect. Hence, an article from a local fashion magazine (Cleo) will be analyzed in relation to grammatical cohesion on one of its components- reference, which will be detected via the three dimensions as aforementioned: personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives (Appendix 2). Other dimensions of grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion will be considered for future works, whilst in this paper referential cohesion is chosen to observe the linkage between sentences within the text, with the context in existence. The significance of this paper underpins the twofold objectives. Firstly, it is hoped that this stu dy will be able to provide better understanding regarding the use of referential links in the way a cohesive text is constructed on the surface level of sentences. Secondly, the frequent use of cohesive links with functions and purposes, within sentences will help us gain insights in the aid of the readers interpretation of the text based on the type of genre examined (magazine article). As a result, the study on cohesion will help to put up with effective reading and writing altogether with word choices and paragraphing in texts and discourses. Finally, the present study provides a surface-leveled analysis of grammatical referential device; employed in the usage of English in this informal context. Literature Review Halliday and Hasan (1976) have provided the fundamental framework in the functional grammar studies; a lot especially on the studies of cohesion in many research conducted in this field. Although, other researchers like Werlich (1983) and Brinker (2005) have also made contributions in this field of study. Yet, none has offered detailed and distinguished differentiation in terms of cohesion and coherence. Halliday Hasan (1976) only uses cohesion whereas Werlich (1983) emphasizes in coherence whereas Brinker (2005) points out that the distinction between cohesion and coherence is not necessary. On the other hand, researchers like de Beaugrande Dressier (1981) offers explanation on the surface for both terms, and others followed suit. Most of their classification of cohesive devises branches out, primarily, into grammatical and lexical cohesion; in which the former will be the subject of concentration in this present study, primarily on reference. Apart from that, Halliday also claims from the view of a functionalist in grammar; that language structure is explained by derivation from function and that he and Hasan has established a diversified functional/ text unity, mostly on structural elements like lexical repetition, lexical inclusion and many others which have contributed to the studies of cohesion. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), grammatical cohesion is divided into four different devices as follows (Querol 2004, Mohamed-Sayidina, 2010): Reference: one element of the text is related to another one as aforementioned for its interpretation, with the use of pronouns (personal, comparative and demonstrative) Semantic relation is required in this mechanism. It in the subsequent sentence refers to being normal. E.g.: Look at what being normal involves in this culture. A lot of it is what the rest of the world aspires to- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Substitution: the replacement of an item with another word to substitute a word or sentence. Others here is used to substitute some areas from being repeated. E.g.: Also, we have our own set of abilities and talents; in some areas, well be above average, while in othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ellipsis: the head noun, main verb, or even the whole clause is subsequently omitted in the following sentence. Consider this statement, whereby the making of sacrifices is omitted from the line that continues. Supposedly; People who have extraordinary lives often have to make sacrifices that many of us wouldnt consider worthwhile (of making the sacrifices). E.g.: People who have extraordinary lives often have to make sacrifices that many of us wouldnt consider worthwhile. Conjunction: an invariable  grammatical particle to connect two words, sentences, phrases and clauses to create discursive connections. There are several types of conjunctions namely coordinating, correlative and subordinating conjunctions. E.g.: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦But when most of us wake up, life is much more prosaic, so we wonder what were doing wrong. Specifically, reference as defined by Halliday, is a participant or circumstantial element which is being introduced within the text at one point; either as a reference point preceded for the following phenomenon, or functions as a basis for comparison. Referential cohesion can be realized in three ways: personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives (Appendix 2). But in the in-depth analysis of referential cohesion, it does not only matter that these items exist in the text. It also matters if they (personal pronoun,  demonstrative  or  comparative) refer forward (anaphora) or backward (cataphora) to items  within  the text (endophora) or  outside  the text (exophora). Then again, readers might encounter some problems in relation to vague reference item, which neither refers to earlier  or  later  items  within  the text nor to entities  outside  the text, even if confined within the context. Thus, self-referential occurs w hen readers interpret the text based on their cultural or world knowledge. This situation is also known as homophora. All these may function as clue items to provide more information to words and phrases (Muto, n.d.). But in the case of this paper, the main concern of the study is solely to detect the frequent use of referential cohesive links in order for the text to flow from one interpretation to the next; personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives are the focus analysis. Hence, the present study does not include in-depth analysis on cohesion elements like anaphora, cataphora, endophora and exophora, or even other elements like ellipsis, substitution and conjunction are omitted, because this current study deals solely on the surface level of referential cohesive links (reference) although it is suggested that future studies should looked into those aspects aforementioned. For future studies, M.A.K Hallidays scope on references encompasses a wid e range of aspects to be looked into especially in the field of systemic functional grammar where more elaborated, technical works of grammar classification could be done in relevance to this current study. From lexical cohesion to grammatical cohesion, there are many research conducted in the field of cohesion and coherence, linguistically (Oliveria et.al, Klebanov Shamir 2006) or pragmatically (Kruijff-Korbayova Wolska 2008, Taboada 2004); yet, studies in this area are sensitive towards types of discourse, genre and text organizations (Berzlanovich, 2008). The study of this topic provides many helpful references and even contribute to the educational field (Muto, n.d., Mohamed-Sayidina, 2010), whereby analysis on lexical cohesion has been done on numerous students works. Also, the study on cohesion has led a group of researchers formulating a software called WordNet, to detect synsets (set of synonyms). As a result, more quantitative studies are conducted in the area of linguistics with the use of WordNet (Teich Fankhauser 2004, 2005). Consequently encouraging mixed method amongst the research done in analysis or application of the device. In the analysis of cohesion, the study is presented either in systemic inventory of cohesion or instances of cohesion in texts (Kunz 2008). Then, variations also play a part in the determination of the purpose of study. There are four types of variation which are variation over time, across registers, across languages, and across originals and translations. All the analysis can be done via theoretical and example-based analysis, in-depth text analysis or empirical analysis. In the present study, the instances of cohesion are analyzed from the text in a particular variation of a register (fashion magazine); in regards to how often the distribution of referential cohesions occur, via the method of surfaced text analysis per se. Methodology Data Collection An article was extracted from the local fashion magazine, namely Cleo. One article was adopted because it was due to pure intentions to merely detect the frequency of referential cohesive links throughout the text. In addition, these links are observed in terms of its occurrence in text apart from its connectivity within sentences. Fashion magazine was chosen because not many research have been done in this area of informal discourse, particularly in the feature of referential cohesion; most of the studies reflect on the academic (Mohamed-Sayidine 2010, Muto, n.d.), news (Oliveria et. al., n.d.), and formally written articles in magazines. No comparisons amongst genres were intended in this research; hence explains the reason for one article. Albeit comparisons amongst frequency of cohesive links used in various genres could lead to more future studies to be done. The researcher analyzed the article to detect types of referential cohesion based on an adaptation of methodology from Querol (2004) and its frequency of occurrence for each of the component- personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives, in order to observe the patterns of sentence construction with these cohesive elements. Firstly, personal pronouns will be observed from the determinative and possessive forms respectively. Then, demonstratives will be divided into specific demonstrative and non-specific demonstrative. Lastly, comparatives will be in terms of general and particular comparatives. The results are listed in Table 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Results Data Analysis Table 2 presents the total of occurrences of 74 for personal pronouns which include determinatives and possessives; as well as 50 and 10 for demonstratives and comparatives, respectively. Referential cohesion Total occurrences (Percentages) Personal Pronouns (determinative and possessive) 74 (55%) Demonstratives 50 (37%) Comparatives 10 (8%) Table 2: Total of occurrences according to types of reference. Then, in second place with total of 22 occurrences is calculated for determinative you/ yourself, preceded with determinative we /us, scoring the highest with a total of 24 occurrences. Determinatives such as they / them and it scored reasonably lower than the others with 9 and 10 occurrences respectively, whereas possessives pronouns like their/ theirs (3 occurrences) and its / our/ ours (6 occurrences) hardly occur throughout the text. Personal Pronouns Determinatives (No. of occurrences) Possessives (No. of occurrences) You/ yourself 22 She/ Her He/ Him They/ them 9 It 10 We /us 24 His Her/hers Their/ Theirs 3 Its / our/ ours 6 Table 3: Total of occurrences for Personal Pronouns (Determinative, Possessive). As for Table 4, specific demonstratives such as this, these, here, those, that are found quite common (27 occurrences) within the text if compared to non-specific demonstratives like it and the (23 occurrences). Otherwise, the results for total occurrences of demonstratives are quite consistent throughout the text unlike personal pronouns. Demonstratives Specific (No. of occurrences) Non-specific (No. of occurrences) This, these, here, those, that, there 27 It, the 23 Table 4: Total of occurrences for Demonstratives (Specific, Non-specific). The same scenario with almost equal consistency of results is also applicable to comparatives; with 4 occurrences for general comparatives (otherwise, apart from, instead of, also) whilst particular comparatives scored slightly higher with a total of 6 occurrences for words like much more, as many of, better than, pretty great / good and its better to. Thus, from the findings it is prominent that the highest form of occurrences falls on the personal pronoun category with almost half of the text (55%) construction is conformed to this particular referential link. Comparatives General (No. of occurrences) Particular (No. of occurrences) Otherwise Apart from Instead of Also 4 Much more As many of Better than pretty great / good Its better to 6 Table 5: Total of occurrences for Comparatives (General, Particular). Summary of Findings Different types of references will yield various results depending on the purpose of construction within the sentences. Discussion in this section of paper will be based on analysis of the highest occurrences per se from findings of each table (Table 2, 3, 4, and 5). As can be seen in Table 2, the highest total of occurrences is scored by personal pronouns (determinative and possessive) (55%), followed by demonstratives (37%) and lastly, comparatives (8%). Personal pronouns are defined as the pro-form which are  used to substitute the nouns. These pronouns are divided into determinatives (also determiner as the word modifier that determines the type of reference a noun/noun group has) and possessive (showing possession), albeit personal pronouns could sometimes function as a determinative but not in all cases. In the case of this study, the determinatives for personal pronouns are you/ yourself, she/her, he/him, they/them/ it, we/us. There has been much confusion which lies in diff erences of pronouns and determinative to the extent that some linguists viewed both of it to be closely related and that pronouns are in fact determiners without a noun / noun phrase. Nonetheless, a clear distinction between pronouns and determiners can be made with three main features that set the determiner apart from pronoun. A pronoun may be a determiner but a determiner cannot be a pronoun in the case of tagged questions. Examples (extracted from the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language) This is delicious, isnt  this? Also, pronouns cannot appear anywhere else except in between the verb and particle for phrasal verbs whereas determiners could be placed after a particle (example A). In addition, pronouns are said to be in the form of distinct genitive but determiners are not (example B). Example A: pick  it  up (correct) pick up  it (wrong) pick this up OR pick up this Example B: This is mine/yours/theirs. *This is alls. Personal pronouns reached the highest number of occurrences (74) as compared to demonstratives (50) and comparatives (10). The breakdown of the table into respective types of cohesion shows a higher reading generally in determinative (especially for we/us: 24 occurrences), instead of possessive. Such results are probably due to the type of genre and target audience which the text is focused upon. Hence the stylistic writing could be the choice of words used to manipulate readers mind. It shows solidarity and common grounds in terms of word use of we/us; which connotes the idea that readers and writers understand the situation and have common background knowledge for the context (de Beaugrande Dressier 1981). Sometimes, the we pronouns could be inclusive or exclusive if the writer wishes to include or exclude the audience from the text. Extract #1: The pressure to be anything but normal starts out young when were told how important it is to get good grades, and by the time were in our twenties, were suddenly feeling that we should be better paid, better looking and better travelled than our peers-in fact, better equals best. Extract #2: A lot of our fear of normality comes from a misplaced notion that we should be excelling in all areas of our life, otherwise were failing. One issue is that often what we think are our goals arent actually our own dreams-theyre what we believe society wants us to achieveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Hymes (1967) once created the Model of interaction of language and social setting and categorizes speech situation into eight components: namely setting, participants, form and content of text, intent and effect of ends, key, genre, medium, and interactional norms, which it is also stated that the text is formed also as a part of speech situation. Later on, researchers (Halliday, McIntosh and Strevens) offered another explanation for derivation of features from a situation in a text. Three main headings are proposed: Field, Mode and Tenor which describes how a context is able in its function to determine the intended meanings from the text conveyed. The Field is the overall event which includes subject-matter as part of the element in order to function as a text in whole altogether with the purposive activity of the audience. The Mode is the function of the text in the event, that means of its genre and types of discourse to be taken into consideration. Then, the Tenor is the type of role interaction in which the participants are involved in with the text whether its relevant or not. These features could help explain the situation in which the reader experiences with the text. Halliday (1976) also noted that the association of linguistic features with configuration of situational features as mentioned above (field, mode and te nor) forms a register in the text. Since the concept of cohesion as defined by Halliday (1976) is supported with register, the both can be effectively combined to constitute a text. Therefore, when the writer tries to form a purposive interaction with the reader based on the subject-matter of the text (Field) with relevance to its function and appropriateness (Mode), he or she tries to connect and convey the message to the public (Tenor) via the text read. As for demonstratives in the present study of text analysis, they are employed into sentences when the meaning of the context is dependent on other things rather than the relative physical location of the readers at the instance. This is also known as the discourse deixis and in other terms verbal pointing. This, these, here, those, that are specific demonstratives whereas it and the are non-specific demonstratives. Demonstratives, in table 4, have shown an almost equal reading of frequency (27 for specific; 23 for non-specific). Although, it seems that specific demonstratives is used more often throughout the text if compared to its counterpart. Words like this, these, here, those, that are apparent throughout the text compared to it and the. Yet, there has been much confusion in terms of the usage it. Here, it could be perceived as either a demonstrative or pronoun, depending on the semantic purpose of text. If it is a pronoun, it refers to the object of unknown gender or neuter. B ut if it functions as a demonstrative, the meaning of the word needs to fall back on the logic behind the text. For example, But, somehow, its become a byword for mundane and pedestrian. Of course, It in this sentence does not refer to a human being but the situation mentioned in the preceding sentence. The reader cannot simply comply with the meaning of word without referring to the context. The it substitutes a noun and this replaced noun is also known as the pronouns antecedent. In cases of anaphora, it becomes indecipherable without its context and thus the process of determining the intended meaning of antecedent. In addition, it might also be dummy pronouns, which mean that none of the semantic relations are needed in relation to the context. For instance, Its an understandable pressure to feel underà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Extract #3: Its the bright, shiny moments that we feel like broadcasting, so its easy to get the impression that someones life is fabulously fast-paced and exciting, but thats because it is only interesting to document that thrilling fraction. The interpretation of the text relies on the reference items within sentences, which can be interpreted in two ways; either the item is identified with referent in question or it is being implicitly compared to a referent. When identification is involved with the interpretation of the text, the reference item must always be specific and deitic (Halliday Hasan, 1976) because the identifying function for cohesive purposes must also be specific. Hence, this, these, here, those, that are more commonly used throughout the text. These demonstratives could function as modifier and head of the sentence. Based on Extract #4, there in the sentence, Theres some kind of Hollywood ideal out thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ functions as the Head of the former word, whereas the latter there works as a modifier for out. Apart from that, these words could apply anaphorically to mean the previous things which have been said or mentioned before between the interactions of the speaker/ writer and interlocutor/read er (Extract #5). Extract #4: Dr. Chris Day, psychologist and author of 52 Secrets of Psychology (Dennis Jones Associates), says that many young women feel that a normal existence isnt good enough. The pressure to be living this fun ideal life, knowing amazing people, doing amazing things. Theres some kind of Hollywood ideal out there that women aspire to. But when most of us wake up, life is much more prosaic, so we wonder what were doing wrong. Extract #5: Look at what being normal involves in this culture. A lot of it is what the rest of the world aspires to-sun, lifestyle, healthy food, friends, lots of public holidays, travel. Normal here is pretty good. Finally, comparative comes in the form of adjective or adverb, mostly to denote the property and degree of quality in which it is either greater or less in comparison of both entities. It is used in the context of subordinating conjunction (e.g. than, as..etc). Also, in comparatives, particular comparative occurred more often (6) compared to general ones (4). Particular comparatives refer to comparison in respect to quantity or quality. It is also expressed with aids from adjectives or adverbs. Examples of particular comparatives throughout the text are much more, as many of, better than, pretty great / good and its better to. General comparatives include both similarity and differences in comparatives, in terms of likeness and unlikeness whereby comparison of such is irrespective of any particular property. Such general comparatives take forms in phrases like otherwise, apart from, instead of and also. Since comparatives are used to make comparison of the degree in both entities, it is quite common in narrative and expository writings. Regarding the text chosen for this study, albeit its structure seems more alike an expository; but there is a party (psychologist Dr Chris Day) whom narrates and advises on the pertinent matter. Thus the text is written in a narrative style. Using more comparatives to make differentiation of pros and cons, phrases like apart from, instead of, much more, etc is apparent throughout the text. Limitations Much research can be done on the analysis of variations across languages, registers and even original articles and translation ones. In this current study, only general text analysis is conducted whereby the author decides to omit the theoretical and empirical analysis due to time constraints and lacked of sufficient resources. The author is also restricted in terms of systemic functional grammar knowledge; thus planned to look at a more generalized grammatical cohesion as her basis for the study. For suggestions, a more elaborated and in-depth text analysis on systemic functional grammar perspectives could be conducted in another study for reference in the future. Also, the analysis would not be precise because only the author herself is analyzing the text. Probably, another person could help in second analysis of the same text to make comparisons between both findings (number of occurrences). Also, no software is used to detect the readings; neither SPSS nor WordNet is applicable t o this study due to the nature of this study, partly due to the major time constraints that the author decides on a simpler form of method for analysis. Apart from that, more articles are needed for a substantial analysis to justify the substantive issues on grammatical cohesion. Perhaps, more than one genre (magazines, newspapers, etc) and different aspects of cohesion could be looked into; including the elements of anaphora, endophora, exophora and others to name a few. Not only that, such article from an informal context of pure reading pleasure could result in a more informal stylistic writing. Moreover, the quality control of the article also depends on the publishing company; which is vital in this case of the study. An error has been detected during analysis- note that in paragraph 10 of the text- the sentence should read as happier than those jetsettingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ instead of happier that those jetsetting. This could affect the reading of frequency if error not detected, reflecting the unreliability of the text. Conclusion Whilst the present study is focused merely on the grammatical aspect of referential cohesion, other dimensions of this study could be considered in terms of variations, analysis and types of discourse. In addition, the focus on reference in this study could also be expanded for future studies since the scope is widely ranged in this topic of linguistics. Methods could also be diversified with the help of software such as WordNet and even SPSS for quantitative approach. Textual patterns, linkage, ties and chains could be observed from various perspectives either from a formal or informal context. Fashion magazine was chosen because not many research have been done in an informal context of reading pleasure; most of the studies reflect on academic, news, report and formally written articles. Apart from cohesion, coherence could also be distinguished from the former with more studies done in various discourses, not to mention on the aspect of lexical cohesion as well since both cohesion and coherence are important characteristics in prominent texts (Celce-Marcia Olshtain 2000). Such study on the way cohesion links from one sentence to the next might provide suggestions in the comprehension of effective reading and writing, apart from word choices at semantic level in stylistic writing. Nevertheless, results found in the tables as aforementioned have shown reasonable occurrences across the genre to better understand the cohesiveness of text with help from referential links, whilst the frequency of these links occurred within the text indicates that this particular type of genre -narratives-involves particularly a significant use of pronouns in the making of the article. Ultimately, the understanding of cohesion provides a more comprehensive approach towards discourse analysis and text reading. Appendix 1 Grammatical Cohesion Reference Implies that the information is to be retrieved through the reference item is the referential meaning (pronouns and determiners personal, demonstrative and demonstrative)

To His Coy Mistress Essay -- English Literature

To His Coy Mistress Compare and Contrast â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† By John Donne. â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† and â€Å" To His Mistress Going to bed† are two poems that feature â€Å"carpe diem†; they are also written by two of the most well known metaphysical poets. Andrew Marvell, the author of â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† and John Donne, the writer of â€Å"To His Mistress Going To Bed†. Both poems were written through the 16th and 17th Century, where love and sex were describe as two different things. 16th and 17th century attitudes to love and relationship were much stricter than in the 21st Century, as wealthy men who wished to court a woman, would need to use the convention of writing a letter or a poem to try and win her over. This is precisely what these poems are about. Each man is trying to bed women, using their poetry. Their poems are more about sex, rather than love or romance. Using their metaphysical ways, they used their sexual images and witty conceits, to try and seduce the woman in question. In the 21st Century, it is not recommended for a man to take such action in doing so. Also in the 16th and 17th Century, woman was expected to be virgins until a chosen time. It was also unheard of for woman to have children out of wedlock, and if it did occur, then the woman would be seen as an outcast. Although in the 21st Century, it is more common if a woman has a child out of wedlock, she still could be seen as an outcast. Both men take a different way in choosing how to seduce the woman, but both take the same thought in the process, â€Å"To bed the woman†. Throughout time, the way of having sexual ways with each other, has changed Throughout this essay, I will be explaining the different and similarities, between these ... ...The each use a different beat, Marvell’s poem suit’s a simple octosyllasic couplet. It is centring the poem on time. Donne’s poem is an iambic pentameter. This gives it a slow pace, as if it is savouring the moment. In conclusion, after reading both poems, I discovered that I enjoyed reading Donne’s poem more than Marvell’s. I found both poems an interesting read, because over 500 years, love has changed. You would not find a man living in the 21st Century, writing poetry and letters to a woman, he wishes to bed. I think that this was a very romantic way of doing this. The reason why I enjoyed Donne’s poem is because it was sincere and passionate. Marvell’s being cool, witty and somewhat threatening. Both poets live up to their metaphysical ways on these poems, with their imagery, similes, metaphors, alliteration, repetition and sexually explicit words.

U.K. Economy Essay -- Economics Fiscal Policy Essays

U.K. Economy The UK government currently has four main macroeconomic aims that it is pursuing. These aims are those of low unemployment, low inflation, and high and stable economic growth as well as a favourable balance of payments current account position. This essay will concentrate on the government’s success in the first three of its aims listed above and how these macroeconomic aims can or have been achieved using fiscal and monetary policy. Fiscal policy is used to affect aggregate demand by altering taxation and government spending; monetary policy also affects aggregate demand by the manipulation of interest rates and the supply of money. Economic growth is the prime measurement of a country’s economy as it reflects improvements in standards of living. It is defined as an increase in the productive potential of the economy and is usually measured in terms of rate of change of real gross domestic product (GDP), which is the value of output produced within an economy over 12 months. It must be remembered that for each year, the percentage change in GDP is shown therefore any positive figure will represent a growth in the annual GDP level. The swift growth the UK experienced from 1982 to 1988. This growth in GDP decreased from the 5.2% level experienced in 1988 to 2.2% in 1989 and fell to its lowest in 1991 at –1.4%. This is due to the recession that hit the UK during this period. After the negative year of growth in 1991, the UK economy began its recovery from the recession and consequently there was a healthy growth in GDP from 1992, which lasted up until 2001. In 2000 the GDP growth figure stood at 3%, this is mainly due to the increase in consumer spending and capital investment that occurred during this year. The most satisfying aspect of this economic growth is the fact that at the time it coincided with the achievement of the government’s second macroeconomic aim of low. Last year however the economy grew by just 1.7%, which is the lowest for a decade. This low rate of UK economic growth coincided with the position of the manufacturing sector, which in 2002 was in a deep recession and is to the manufacturing industry to call for a further interest rate cut, to help push the value of the pound down, so that UK manufacturing export demand can increase. Inflation is the general a... ...enting the economy from entering a recession. Nevertheless this is where we can see the difficulties in making these policies due to trade offs that occur, as a rate cut in theory should lead to the rate of inflation to rise even further however this is a risk worth taking to end the current manufacturing recession as well as strengthen consumption even further. Revising an expansionary fiscal policy (fall in taxation, increase in government spending) would also be advisable. This will further boost aggregate demand and as supply side economists may argue, shift aggregate supply to the right effecting growth (a rise) unemployment (a fall), inflation (a fall), thus these goals to be met. It must be remembered that both policies have time lags connected with them, in particular fiscal policy, for which they are greater. A decision to change an instrument must therefore be consistent, as it may not always have the desired effect instantly. Bibliography www.statistics.gov.uk www.bized.ac.uk/ www.hm-treasury.gov.uk http://www.tutor2u.net www.telegraph.co.uk/business http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/economy/default.stm Economics – Sloman.

An Analysis of PepsiCo and Coca-cola Essay -- Business Analysis

Since the mid 1980’s many of us have become familiar with the terms â€Å"the Cola Wars† (Wikipedia, 2010). Coca Cola and Pepsi have been the two largest soft drink competitors in the world for quite some time now. What makes these companies successful? What gives them the retention to prosper for years across the globe? For this project I analyzed the financial statements from 2003 through 2005 of both companies to gain insight as to these questions and others. By reviewing and then analyzing the data it becomes visible that these two companies are still standing strong in a market that is still dominated only by each other. To begin we will examine three ratios for each company. The first ratio is a liquidity ratio. Liquidity focuses on the reliability or availability of a borrower to pay back the loan they borrowed. A common liquidity metric is ccurrent ratio. Current ratio measures a company’s ability to pay back short term obligations or debts. We get this calculation by taking the current assets and dividing by current liabilities. For instance, PepsiCo’s current ratio is equivalent to current assets in 2005 (10,454) divided by current liabilities in 2005(9,406) which equals 1.11:1. Their current ratio in 2004 was 1:28:1. (Current assets for 2004/current liabilities for 2004; 8639/6752). Coca Cola’s current ratio for 2005 was taken by computing their current assets for 2005 (10,250) and divided by the current 2005 liabilities 99836) which equaled a ratio of 1.04:1. In 2004 Coca’ Cola’s current ratio was equal to current assets for 2004 of 12,281 divide d by current liabilities for 2004 of 11, 133, which totaled 1.10:1. What this means is that for every dollar of current liabilities, Coca Cola has $1.04 of ... ...ges and soft drinks. They have ventured out to non carbonated beverages like iced tea and juices but now need to move into the food market space. My final recommendation for Coca cola is to stay with their product. One of the biggest setbacks for Coca Cola occurred when they introduced their â€Å"new coke† in the 1990’s. (Wikipedia, 2010) This new formula did not go over well with their consumers and they were forced to quickly stop the new Coke production. In conclusion I think both companies are stable and strong. Obviously both companies are able to compete globally which in and of itself says an awful lot. Each company has its strengths and minor weaknesses but their overall financial success has been proven. Their ability to remain the only two competitors amongst their carbonated beverage industry is a strong indicator of their future potential.

Business Strategy As The Direction For Organisations Business Essay

Scheme is the way and range of an administration over a long term. Strategy is a better manner of using the resources of the concern, run intoing the demands of the market, carry throughing the demands of the interest holders taking the concern in an effectual and profitable manner. Strategy is a long term program of action which is designed to accomplish a peculiar end or set of ends. It will be best described as a direction program in order to accomplish the coveted ends. Business scheme is a long term attack to implement the programs for concern in order to accomplish the concern aim. It is concerned more with how a concern competes successfully in a peculiar market.How scheme can be constructed and carried out efficaciously, even by little concern: –Nowadays harmonizing to many companies many little concern houses face the world of planetary competition. Harmonizing to many companies reconstituting themselves helps them to confront competition in the universe markets. After carry oning organisational reappraisals over 100 concern associations and with the experience 18 old ages in the undertaking direction, i realise all the organisations attempts to implement their operations efficaciously. Harmonizing to a survey in 2004 ( little concern disposal ) 580900 little concern little houses opened in 2005 576200 stopping point, SBA states that 67 % of the new companies were able to last for at least 2 old ages, staying 44 % of the companies surviv e for at least 4 old ages.Four of import factors for competitory advantages: –1. Vision 2. Basic accomplishments 3. Strategy believing 4. Conjuction with staffVision: –It is an of import factor for a company to go on it on the path. Harmonizing to the analysis made by James Kouzes and Barry Posner, writers of the leading challange, on more than 60000 caputs of the organisation, they stated that the leaders who are effectual should animate a shared vision. A leader has to back up a clear vision in his leading of the organisation. Now yearss many of the directors are busy with the present jobs and missing clip for edifice of vision. This makes both employees and organisation to be left unfastened, with a shared vision little concerns gain a competitory advantage. Harmonizing to critics vision is the critical factor to keep success for little concerns. Vision is referred as sing the national resources in to the physical bounds. A leader who is effectual for a little concern should animate his squad with a vision which is familiar to carry through their demands.Core competences: –Basic accomplishments of t he director should be clarified with workers altering yesteryear. In the average clip of restructuring, and organisation as to keep it core mission. Large companies calculating the market which will be quickly spread outing, which makes their employees confuse because the contradictions and uncertainnesss. Companies which attempts to make things that are beyond their organisational capacity, which makes them to confront the failure. Many companies which are seeking to vie with planetary competition are losing their basic accomplishments in the market. Harmonizing to Ck prahlad, writer of viing for the hereafter states that directors do non finish their undertakings to vie with rapid market alterations. He states that reconstituting initiative his defines as a dead terminal, reengineering removes unneeded work and better the advantage of procedures as it is defines as the social ends like client satisfaction or entire quality directed enterprise.Strategic Thinking: –Employees wanted their leaders to be important in the market and competition which is valid in the industry. The tremendous alteration which is demographic the twenty-first century U.S work force has created the person concern which made the organisation non to alter their paradigms. Companies which are the best think strategically and work in dual. Watts Wacker, Jim Taylor, Howard Means, writer of airy ushers as warned that we are in go forthing in epoch where the single ability enforce their ain hereafter. Many of the companies pursue planning, where as few organisations are suitably busy with the strategic thought. It is defined as a competitory betterment for little concerns in the market. Strategic thought is defined as a careful planning in an organisation. The two chief constituents of the strategic thought were cognition of the present and point of view for the hereafter. This is called as dichotomy by the organisational schemes. Duality is followed by many of the successful companies on a regular basis. Most of the little concerns are clients of today or tomorrow sing for the hereafter effects. Features of a strategic thought which is effectual chiefly focus on keeping an attack which is long standing to appreciate the effects which are flexible. Strategic planning and vision works together, as a appropriate planning of the bases and the causes for determining the path of an organisation.Associating to employee: –The importance of associating with a culturally diverse work force can be understood by the organisational leaders who are effectual. On many occasions phrase of new engineering concerns were devalued by workers in the procedures. Follows of the mechanical parts for accomplishing the organisational aims should be sing by the leaders.Jeeffrey pfeffer writer of the human equation accepts that success of an organisation depends upon straight to the execution. Currently emergent of work force crosses the gender age race and geographics. For the firs t clip in the American history employees must cover with 4 coevalss of work. The leading manner which can be effectual for freshly upcoming employees fails with the employee coevals X.In little concern house ‘s leader who is effectual as to keep good relationship with his employers.Future waies: –Ignoring world-wide imperativeness and front line competitions little concern houses can accomplish success with the right approach.21st century offers the challenges for the human resources such as practical organisations, outsourcing and fiscal restraints of budgets in many federal bureaus. Small concern houses have 5 of import cardinal factors such as vision ends, strategic thought, basic accomplishments and linking with employees. Such jobs can be utilised as an chance for little houses to increase the rate of success. These methods are logical, practical procedure provide for the creative activity, growing and guarantee a successful little concern. Different types of positions theoretical accounts and attacks or utilised in the strategic planning. Way of developing a strategic program chiefly depends on the nature of the organisation leading, size of the organisation, civilization of the organisations, complexness of the organisation environment, expertness of contrivers etc. There are different types of strategic planning theoretical accounts which includes ends based, issues based, organic, scenario etc. The most common of the strategic planning modal is goals base planning. It chiefly focus on the vision of the organisations, schemes to accomplish the ends to work towards the machine. Issues based strategic be aftering theoretical account chiefly examines the issues which are faced by the organisation, schemes to mention those issues and action programs. Organic strategic planning starts by jointing the vision and values of the organisations and so the needed programs to make the vision while keeping to those values. Some co ntrivers chiefly prefer a peculiar attack to be aftering for illustration appreciative question. Some programs are design to one twelvemonth some to three old ages some to five to ten old ages in the hereafter. But many of the programs include merely top degree information but no action programs are available where as some programs are 5 to 8 pages long. Strategic be aftering procedure his agenda depending upon the nature of the organisation, demands of the organisations and so its external environments. Strategic planning should be followed often in an organisation. Planing might be carried out one time or twice country in a comprehensive and elaborate manner. If the organisation has been established for many old ages and has a stable place in the market topographic point so be aftering can be carried out one time a twelvemonth.Following usher lines are considered strategic planning 1. Strategic planning should be done in the initial phase of organisation when it is started. 2. Strategic planning should besides be done when developing a new division, section are presenting a major new merchandise. 3. Action programs should be updated every twelvemonth 4. Advancement of the execution of a strategic program should be supervised on a quarterly footing by the board. There are different procedures served by the strategic planning in an organisation. Purpose of the organisation should be clearly defined to set up ends and aims in a define clip frame within the capacity of the organisation for implementing. Those ends and aims are pass oning to the components of the organisation and sense of honor ship over the program has been developed.Resources of the organisation are efficaciously use by concentrating on the cardinal precedences. Advancement can be measured and mechanism is established to inform the alteration when needed. There are many other grounds which include the strategic planning helping and organisations. Strategic be aftering provides clear focal point of organisation and helps in bettering its efficiency and effectivity it besides bridges staff and board of managers increasing productiveness from addition efficiency and effectivity. It besides helps in work outing major jobs.The value of utilizing cardinal analytical tools to assist in the strategy-making procedure: –Many tools are included in the scheme doing procedure. Many analytical tools are developed to help the organisation with the planning processes, nonprofitable organisational these tools modifying the inquiries and standards with their ain particular services and markets.Environmental scan: –It is performed to garner informations to happen out replies inquiries about the present and future territory ‘s common perceptual experience is developed and it identifies strengths, failings tendencies and conditions. En vironmental scans is a key for ongoing procedure for internal and external honestness and openness to altering status. There are many attacks to environmental scanning which includes service, inquirers, focal point groups and unfastened forums.SWOT analysis: –SWOT analysis is another tool used for scheme procedure. It is one of the strategic planning methods which is used to measure strengths, weeknesses, chances and menaces which are involved in a undertaking. SWOT analysis chiefly indicates the nonsubjective if a concern venture are a undertaking which helps in placing the internal and external factors which are favorable and which are non favorable to accomplish that aim. A SWOT analysis starts with a specifying a terminal province or objective it may be included in to the strategic planning theoretical account. Strengths: – Feature of a individual or a company which helps in accomplishing the aim. Failings: – Feature of the individual or a company which are harmful to accomplish the aim. Opportunities: – External conditions which are helpful to carry throughing the aim. Menaces: – External conditions which may do harm to the aim. Identifying SWOT ‘s is indispensable is of import because alternate stairss in the procedure of be aftering to accomplish the selected aim can be derived from the SWOT ‘s. Main purpose of any SWOT analysis is categorising the of import internal and external factors which play a cardinal function in finishing the aim. SWOT analysis is a aggregation of of import information is classified into two chief classs. Internal factors: – Internal strengths and failings of the organisation. External factors: – Opportunities and menaces which are subjected to the external environment organisation. Strengths and failings can be considered as the internal factors of the organisations depending on their force on the organisation aim. When strength is considered with regard to an nonsubjective it may go failings another aim. External factors may include macroeconomic affairs, technological alterations and societal cultural alterations including alterations in the market and competitory place. SWOT analysis is one of the methods of distinction with its ain failings. Importance of the single SWOTs will be exposed by the value scheme generates.Undertaking 2As per the instance survey, MIB is a little graduated table concern which proved to be successful when it was started. Cynthia had started her concern on the strength of a individual inspiration as mentioned. She stated that she did non get down her concern with a long term program. Her vision was non strong plenty. Even though in 2001, gross revenues had exceeded $ 2.3 million, which was an addition of 12 per centum, the gross rev enues were non the same in recent times. Cynthia was really much concerned about the fiscal figures. She stated that she would be interested in following new methods of gross revenues by taking the thoughts and concerns of other people in the company. Cynthia had long been the exclusive drive force behind MIB. In the 1980s, there were few makers of ace size vesture. Cynthia was really good cognizant about the defeat of big adult females whose picks were limited.She believed fat people, and particularly adult females, were oppressed and made suffering by a society that treated them as lazy. MIB offered a full line of vesture and accoutrements in four chief classs ; calling wear, insouciant athletic wear, formal wear and overclothes. Cynthia had long been the exclusive drive force behind MIB. In the 1980s, there were few makers of ace size vesture. Cynthia was really good cognizant about the defeat of big adult females whose picks were limited.She believed fat people, and particularly adult females, were oppressed and made suffering by a society that treated them as lazy. MIB offered a full line of vesture and accoutrements in four chief classs ; calling wear, insouciant athletic wear, formal wear and overclothes. The vision of MIB began on a trip up the California seashore. Cynthia stopped in a little used vesture shop and discovered a choice of drawstring army excess workss, which were 100 % cotton, inexpressive, and dyed in stylish coloring material. Cynthia ‘s retail concern, meanwhile, was booming without labour intensifier. The same gross revenues came easy but took excessively much clip in happening the right merchandise to direct. As per the Quarterly summery of all the units if MIB, we can cognize the reverse of the company. As coming to the point of the strength there are certain point that we can detect. MIB was started as a little graduated table concern with one adult male squad. It has been started as a retailed fabric shop and a became a client focused concern at all degrees supplying different types of apparels by the terminal of 2001. I would wish to categorise of the strengths and failings of the company based on below five precedences.Vision:Even though Cynthia started the company on her ain. Her chief inspiration had begun from when she was graduated from Sonoma State University. As she stated it was non plan to turn the company into a big graduated table industry. I think her vision was hapless. She stated that she learnt everything from telling, advertisement, advancing and covering with hard currency flow when she joined adult females ‘s book shop called Rising Women ‘s Books. It was merely the experience she gained from a book stored that enabled her to get down her ain concern. In 1980 she said there were really limited picks for the big adult females dressi ng. MIB offered a full line of vesture and accoutrements by the late 1990 ‘s.Cynthia knew from her ain experience that big adult females would love the insouciant manner, voguish colorss and blandishing tantrum. Womans of all sizes and forms bought these apparels but it was clearly the large adult females who benefited. As declared Cynthia was the lone one behind the foundation of her concern. She was unsure of her end and tried to implement her thoughts merely with a short term program.2. Strategic planning:Cynthia started her concern with an initial sum of $ 4,500, but at this clip she did n't see herself as an enterpriser. As per her thoughts Making It Worth was an chance to unite her personal ends with the political beliefs. She stated that if equal vesture would lend to better self esteem it would so be worthy by giving a spell. Cynthia had no experience in set uping recognition. So, she started the concern merely with the sum what she had and with one other spouse Janet. She merely realised subsequently, that it would go a great beginning of income or net income as the competition was non much. Her programs were merely limited to her accomplishments and conceptually she was still lacked with indispensable accomplishments. She felt that turning a concern would necessitate different accomplishment set than get downing one. Planning was non perfect and she merely acted as per that state of affairs. Even though, the company has a good client focused service, with initial degrees of net incomes, it has seen a sudden autumn in their retail gross revenues. This can be because of improper planning of their work flows.3. Information thought ( accomplishments ) :As the concern was started merely by Cynthia, her accomplishment set was limited. She utilised all her accomplishments in taking the company from inexpensive frills to MIB but she stated that her accomplishment put entirely was non sufficient for MIB ‘s growing. In order to accomplish certain e nds or to take a company as big graduated table it is indispensable to hold different cognition sets, and different thoughts.As Cynthia was entirely while she started her concern she was sufficient with her accomplishment set and she established a manner for her ain concern. But, in order to develop the company and achieve the marks a company needs more skilled people in different classs of the concern development program.4. Staffing:Exhibit 6 provides a profile of distribution channels for adult females ‘s dress in the United States in 1997. Most retail merchants of big size vesture offered their goods through catalogs, and an increasing figure had set up web sites that created personal profiles for repetition clients. In 2002, there were over 2,000 makers of big size adult females ‘s vesture in the United States, and few of these lone offered vesture in supersize scope. In 2001, MIB employed five directors, a research and development squad of three members, three super visors and a squad of 10 workers. MIB is a really labour -intensive concern and everyone works exceptionally difficult, at all degrees. But as the gross revenues were falling down Cynthia started believing of taking more appropriate people for her concern. She thought that by implementing the new thoughts, the company would see some better alterations. Cynthia believed she needed â€Å" an experient direction squad to assist pull off the hazard that ‘s needed to acquire to the following degree. † It is really of import to any company to put right people at right degrees. This makes the company more progressive and helps to accomplish the marks. As we know when the selling programs does non work out, it proves to be more expensive and dejecting. Cynthia knew that, even with her 20 old ages of experience, she still lacked indispensable accomplishments.5. Future waies:Every Company has its future waies, like how it will be positioned in the market, what would be the end an d purpose of the company. MIB besides had its long term conventional program in order to run into the estimated marks. Once the bead in the gross revenues resulted Cynthia decided to use new squad members to back up her positions and aid in the growing of MIB. I want to categorise the strengths and failings of the concern with three things, people, client and finance.Strengthsaˆ? High quality direction It is really of import that we take right people for the right place. The Company ‘s growing is depended on the direction team. â€Å" How good they manage the concern that manner they get the consequences † . aˆ? Relatively stable, extremely committed Work force: As per the MIB direction squad, Cynthia was really much happy with her direction squad. She described the qualities of each individual, who were every bit talented in their corresponding Fieldss. MIB is a powerful retail trade name. It has a repute for value for money, convenience and a broad scope of merchandises all in one shop. MIB has grown well over recent old ages, and has experienced planetary enlargement for illustration its purchase of the United Kingdom based retail merchant ASDA. The company has a nucleus competency affecting its usage of information engineering to back up its international logistics system. A focussed scheme is in topographic point for human resource direction and development. Peoples are cardinal to MIB ‘s concern and it invests clip and money in developing people, and retaining a developing them. aˆ? Excellent quality in work force: It is really of import that each person works for the advancement of the company. Celebration of staff ‘s accomplishments: Low director to staff ratio Unique merchandise Location of your concern Patents, know-how, trade secrets Worker ‘s alone accomplishment set Corporate civilization, company image Quality of your merchandise Access to funding Operational efficiency Location of your concern Lack of quality and client service Poor selling and gross revenues Entree to resources Undifferentiated merchandises or servicesFailingsSince MIB sell merchandises across many sectors ( such as vesture, nutrient, or stationary ) , it may non hold the flexibleness of some of its more focussed rivals. Training on processs non accomplishments Absence from work Nerve-racking conditions Communicationss scheme Team Leaderships and Managers excessively stretchedOPPORTUNITIES THREATSaˆ? Finding a money strategian For any new investing aˆ? Improve choice techniques aˆ? Improve occupation flexiblenesss aˆ? Lack of staff in residential attention aˆ? Staff morale aˆ? Retention of societal workers aˆ? Stress for staff and Foster carers aˆ? Perception of occupation satisfaction deteriorating aˆ? Quality of societal work appliers cut downing aˆ? Keeping a qualified work force aˆ? Gender instability aˆ? Single position Opportunities and menaces are external value making ( or destructing ) factors a company can non command but emerge from either the competitory kineticss of the industry or market or from demographic, economic, political, proficient, societal, legal, or cultural factors. AnA opportunityA in the SWOT theoretical account could be for illustration: A new emerging or developing market ( niche merchandise, topographic point – new state, less competition ) Amalgamation, joint venture, or strategic confederation Market tendencies New engineerings Social alterations ( for illustration demographics ) New competition in the market, perchance with new merchandises or services Monetary value wars Economic conditions Political alterations Competitor oligopoly or monopoly Tax Handiness of resources.To take over, merge with, or organize strategic confederations with other planetary retail merchants, concentrating on specific markets such as Europe or the Greater China Region. The shops are presently merely trade in a comparatively little figure of states. Therefore there are enormous chances for future concern in spread outing consumer markets, such as China and India. New locations and shop types offer MIB chances to work market development. They diversified from big ace Centres, to local and mall-based sites. Opportunities exist for MIB to go on with its current scheme of big, ace Centres. Bing figure one means that you are the mark of competition, locally and globally. Bing a planetary retail merchant means that you are exposed to political jobs in theA states that you operate in. The cost of bring forthing many consumer merchandises tends to hold fallen because of lower fabrication costs. Manufacturing cost have fallen due to outsourcing to low-priced parts of the World. This has lead to monetary value competition, ensuing in monetary value deflation in some scopes. Intense monetary value competition is a menace.Undertaking 3As per the analysis from, there are certain things to be considered in order MIB achieve its marks. If we check the company ‘s retail net income it is apparent that there was a sudden autumn of gross revenues. From coevals to coevals gustatory sensations of clients would alter. Companies should internally upgrade their squad and engineerings in order to vie every bit with other administrations. I think that MIB was been a Owner Manager concern which could merely accommodate few betterments. In order to decide a company from retail shop to independent good honored administration we need certain things like Human Resources, Technology, Budget and Customers good will. I would wish to explicate each of the undermentioned briefly:Human resources:Right from the Cheap frills to MIB, Cynthia was the lone individual who took attention of the concern. Cynthia ‘s accomplishments and cognition helped her to set up the thought of MIB but they were non adequate to be an profitable company. In order to set up the company as big graduated table few things would turn out indispensable. Directors, Supervisors and Staff will turn out to be the of import portion of any administration. Giving chance to more skilled people at different degrees will assist the company grow. A determination devising squad would be necessary for the company in order to obtain a fast gait profitable gross revenues.Technology:When MIB was there were really few makers of supersize vesture and the per centum of purchasers were besides less in entire. As the coevalss move on engineering is upgrading a batch go forthing people more proficient and more accurate about their sentiments. I t is indispensable for any company like MIB to move consequently. Introducing different ways of advertisement like go forthing door to door catalogs, get offing and keeping information on web site helps the company to turn large.Budget:MIB was started as a really little company with really less budget. When Cynthia got an thought of widening a company she was non cognizant of the fiscal fortunes that she needs to face. In order to use new people in the company and to upgrade the engineering it is indispensable that one should raise more capital investing.